Grown-ups know that people and objects are solid. At the movies, we know that if we reach out to touch Tom Cruise, all we will feel is air. But does a baby have this understanding?To see whether babie 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

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Grown-ups know that people and objects are solid. At the movies, we know that if we reach out to touch Tom Cruise, all we will feel is air. But does a baby have this understanding?
To see whether babies know objects are solid. T. Bower designed a method for projecting an optical illusion(视觉影像)of a hanging ball. His plan was to first give babies a real ball, one they could be expected to show surprised in their faces and movements, All the 16 to 24-week-old babies tested were surprised when they reached for the illusion and found that the ball was not there.
Grown-ups also have a sense of object permanence. We know that if we put a box in a room and lock the door, the box will still be there when we come back. But does a baby realize that a ball that rolls under a chair does not disappear and go to never-never land?
Experiments done by Bower suggest that babies develop a sense of object permanence when they are about 18 weeks old. In his experiments, Bower used a toy train that went behind a screen. When 16-week-old and 22-week-old babies watched the toy train disappear behind the left side of the screen, they looked to the right, expecting it to re-appear. If the experiment took the train off the table and lifted the screen, all the babies seemed surprised not to see the train. This seems to show that all the babies had a sense of object permanence. But the second part of the experiment showed that this was not really the case. The re-searcher substituted(替换) a ball for the train when it went behind the screen. The 22-week-old babies seemed surprised and looked back to the left side for the train. But the 16-week-old babies did not seem to notice the switch(更换).Thus,the 16-week-old babies seemed to have a sense of “something permanence,” while the 22-week-old babies had a sense of object permanence related to a particular object.
【小题1】The passage is mainly about .

A．babies’sense of sight	B．effects of experiments on babies
C．babies’understanding of objects	D．different tests on babies’feelings

【小题2】.In Paragraph 3, “object permanence” means that when out of sight, and object .

A．still exists

B．keeps its shape

C．still stays solid

D．is beyond reach

【小题3】.What did Bower use in his experiments?

A．A chair

B．A screen

C．A film

D．A box

【小题4】. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A．The babies didn’t have a sense of direction.

B．The older babies preferred toy trains to balls.

C．The younger babies liked looking for missing objects

D．The babies couldn’t tell a ball from its optical illusion.

【小题1】.C。主旨大意题。本文通过科学家的研究和对研究结果的解释，旨在说明婴儿对物体的理解。
【小题1】.A。词义猜测题。通过对第二项研究情况的阅读和第三段的解释得知。
【小题1】B。细节理解题。第二段和第四段中所述的Bower的两个实验中都用到了screen.
【小题1】D。推理判断题。第二段中所述实验情况表明：婴儿伸手去摸屏幕上的影像，说明他们事先不能区分一个真正的球和影像的区别。

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Perhaps the most famous theory, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Ray Birdwhistell. He believes that physical appearance is often culturally programmed. In other words, we learn our looks—we are not born with them. A baby has generally informed face features. A baby, according to Birdwhistell, learns where to set the eyebrows by looking at those around-family and friends. This helps explain why the people of some areas of the United States look so much alike, new Englanders or Southerners have certain common face features that cannot be explained by genetics(遗传学). The exact shape of the mouth is not set at birth, it is learned after. In fact, the final mouth shape is not formed until well after new teeth are set. For many, this can be well into grown-ups. A husband and wife together for a long time often come to look alike. We learn our looks from those around us. This is perhaps why in a single country area where people smile more than those in other areas. In the United States, for example, the South is the part of the country where the people smile most frequently. In New England they smile less, and in the western part of New York State still less. Many southerners find cities such as New York cold and unfriendly, partly because people on Madison Avenue smile less than people on Peachtree Street in Atlanta. Georgia. People in Atlanta, Georgia. People in largely populated areas also smile and greet each other in public less than people in small towns do.

Ray Birdwhistell believes that physical appearance ____.

My Experience in a Free School

At first I couldn't believe it! There were no __26 in rows; no bells rang; no one had to go to __27 . Although we all lived “in”, __28 made us go to bed at a certain time; there was no “lights out”.

The __29 thing was that practically all the students went to class, __30 very few people stayed up late at night. Only the new people stayed up or _31 class. The new ones always went wild __32 , but this never lasted long. The __33 took some getting used to. Our teachers treated us like_34 ; never did we have to __35 “stand up”,“sit down”,“speak out”. I don't __36 one student who didn't try his best.

The subjects were the same as those in __37 school, but what a difference in the approach(方式)! For example, in botany(植物学) we had __38 classes in the spring or fall, but instead we __39 [ZZ(Z)39two gardens, a vegetable garden and a flower garden. __40 in winter we each studied a few __41 things about what we had grown. In math the students built three different kinds of storerooms small ones __42 ,but usable. They did this instead of having lessons in the classroom. They really had a __43 time too, designing everything, drawing the blueprints, __44 the angles(角度) and so on. I didn't take __45 .I can't stand it! Besides, I could do the basic things with numbers. That's __46 !

__47 I think I am a __48 person for having gone to the school. I can read and write as well as anyone else my age, and I can think better. That's probably a real big __49 between the free school and regular school—the amount of __50.

26.A. desks B. lights C. students D. buildings

27.A. home B. bed C. class D. work

28.A. anybody B. nobody C. teachers D. parents

29.A. sad B. last C. good D. strange

30.A. and B. but C. so D. yet

31.A. attended B. took C. missed D. studied

32.A. from then on B. at first C. once more D. just then

33.A. freedom B. habit C. time D. people

34.A. workers B. pupils C. gardeners D. grown?ups

35.A. understand B. study C. play D. say

36.A. hear from B. feel like C. think about D. know of

37.A. night B. regular C. small D. real

38.A. all B. short C. no D. indoor

39.A. planted B. studied C. drew D. toured

40.A. Still B. Then C. Yet D. Next

41.A. wild B. successful C. usual D. particular

42.A. as well B. after a while C. of course D. as a result

43.A. funny B. great C. convenient D. thoughtful

44.A. looking out B. taking out C. finding out D. figuring out

45.A. math B. care C. botany D. notice

46.A. dull B. interesting C. enough D. dangerous

47.A. On the whole B. Once again C. Sooner or later D. After a while

48.A. careful B. better C. busier D. lovely

49.A. problem B. chance C. difference D. change

50.A. reading B. gardening C. teaching D. thinking

【小题1】__ One of the best things you can possibly do is to start you own club．It’s great fun especially if you are the sort of person who feels there’s never anything to do during the school holidays．
The first thing you need to come up with is an idea for your club．【小题2】 . Pets, clothes, pop music or dancing groups, sports, making things? The list is endless．
Next you need some friends to be in your club with you．【小题3】 . All you need is three or four other people who are interested in the same thing as you．
【小题4】 . You should all sit down somewhere together with lots of pieces of paper and write down every name you can think up．That’ll keep you busy for ages．
At your first meeting you should make up a rule book．And the first rule should be no grown-ups or little/big brothers or sisters! The best clubs are always secret!
Now you have just about everything you need, except membership cards．These are very important and again you can spend a lot of time making them．【小题5】 .Why not leave some space for a photo of yourself? That will make the membership card really look like it．
So there you are, get clubbing! Once you get started you’ll think of loads of more interesting things to do!

A．That’s easy．

B．Enjoy your own club!

C．Invite a designer to join you．

D．What are you interest in?

E. Some vacation is coming．
F. Then you need to pick a name for your club．
G. Use a bright thick pen to make a special design．

As we all know, getting benched in sports is usually a bad thing. But at one school in Florida, a girl has taken a bench and turned it into something entirely different – a place to find friends. It’s called the Friendship Bench. And it’s the brainchild of a sixth grader at Palm Bay Elementary – a girl named Acacia Woodley.

Acacia’s attitude toward life might be summed up best by a question she recently asked members of the Brevard County School Board – “what if we spend as much time putting the spotlight on kindness as we do on cruelty?” It’s a philosophy Acacias has learned to live her own life -despite having a lot of people would consider a handicap. She was born without a right hand. And her left hand did not form properly. But Acacia says that she has not stopped her from achieving her goals. “You need to believe in your dreams. If you don’t believe in you dreams, I can definitely tell you that they are not going to come true.” She said.

Acacia came up with the idea for the Friendship Bench after seeing kids getting bullied at school. She says she has also experienced bullying herself – kids whispering about her or picking on her because she is different. “Some people say they feel sorry for me. I tell them not to,” she said. “I don’t care that I’m different. I like being different.”

The Friendship Bench looks like a lot of other benches. It has arm sets and a place to lean on. But there are also words painted on it – words such as “hope”, “respect”, “listen” and “dream”. Acacia put the benches together with the help from her mother and brother.

Any time a kid feels he or she needs a friend, all that kid needs to do is sit on the bench. It is then up to the other kids – or grown-ups – to fill that need. “It’s a perfect idea,” Palm Bay Elementary Principal Lori said. “It’s something we’ve needed so badly.”

The Friendship Bench has been such a success at Palm Bay Elementary that other schools are now interested in installing one too. “There’s a saying in my teacher’s classroom,” Acacia said. “It says, ‘it you can dream it, you can achieve it.’”

1.What is the function of the first sentence in Paragraph One?

A. To explain the meaning of getting benched is sports.

B. To introduce the important role “bench” plays in sports.

C. To introduce what the author wants to say in the text to us.

D. To tell us that the passage is connected with the word “bench”.

2.What can be learned about Acacia from the passage?

A. She is disabled but leads an active life.

B. She has a deep understanding of life.

C. She finds it difficult to achieve her goals.

D. She finds herself always in need of help.

3.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A. Acacia has also suffered from other kids’ bullying.

B. The kids who sit on the bench feel they need friends.

C. Grown-ups are allowed to offer their help to the one in need.

D. The Friendship Bench is different from others in the arm sets.

4.What can we infer from the passage?

A. More Friendship Benches will be installed in other schools soon.

B. Students stop bullying other schoolmates at Palm Bay Elementary.

C. The students at Palm Bay Elementary have become more friendly.

D. Acacia has become a very important figure at Palm Bay Elementary.

5.What is the best title of this passage?

A. Acacia’s New Invention

B. The Friendship Bench

C. Help from a Special Bench

D. Getting Benched in School

Jim suffered heart problems.In conversation he expressed little joy and it seemed that his life was drawing to a close.

When his heart problems led to operation,Jim went through it successfully,and a full recovery was expected.Within days,however,his heart was not beating properly.Jim was rushed back to operation,but nothing was found to explain the cause of his illness.He died on the operating table on the day before his 48th birthday.

Dr.Bruce Smoller,a psychologist(心理学家),had had many conversations with him,and the more he learned,the stranger he realized Jim’s case was.When Jim was a child,his father,a teacher,suffered a heart attack and stayed home to recover.One morning Jim asked his father to look over his homework,promising to come home from school at noon to pick it up.His father agreed,but when Jim returned his father had died.Jim’s father was 48.

“I think all his life Jim believed he killed his father,”Dr. Smoller says.“He felt that if he had not asked him to look at his homework,his father would have lived.Jim had been troubled by the idea.The operation was the trial(判决) he had expected for forty years.”Smoller believes that Jim willed himself not to live to the age of 48.

Jim’s case shows the powerful role that attitude(态度) plays in physical health,and that childhood experiences produce far-reaching effect on the health of grown-ups.Although most cases are less direct than Jim’s,studies show that childhood events,besides genes,may well cause such midlife diseases as cancer,heart disease and mental illness.

1.Jim was sent back to operation because ______.

A.his heart didn’t work well

B.he expected a full recovery

C.his life was drawing to a close

D.the first one wasn’t well performed

2.What made Dr. Smoller feel strange about Jim’s case?

A.Jim died at a young age.

B.Jim died on the operating table.

C.Both Jim and his father died of the same disease.

D.Jim’s death is closely connected with his father’s.

3.From Smoller’s words,we can infer that ______.

A.Jim’s father cared little about his study

B.Smoller agreed that Jim did kill his father

C.Jim thought he would be punished some day

D.Smoller believed Jim wouldn’t live to the age of 48

4.Which of the following could have strong effect on one’s physical health according to the text?

a.One’s genes.

b.One’s life in childhood.

c.One’s physical education.

d.The date of one’s birthday.

e.The opinions one has about something.

A.a,b,d B.a,b,e

C.a,c,e D.b,c,d

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