Floods are second only to fire as the most common of all natural disasters.They occur almost everywhere in the world,resulting in widespread damage and even death.Consequently,scientists have long tried to perfect their ability to predict floods.So far,the best that scientists can do is to recognize the potential for flooding in certain conditions. There are a number of conditions,from deep snow on the ground to human error,which cause flooding.

When deep snow melts it creates a large amount of water.Although deep snow alone rarely causes floods,when it occurs together with heavy rain and sudden warmer weather it can lead to serious flooding.If there is a fast snow melt on top of frozen or very wet ground,flooding is more likely to occur than when the ground is not frozen.Frozen ground or ground that is very wet cannot absorb the additional water created by the melting snow.Melting snow also contributes to high water levels in rivers and streams.

Rivers that are covered in ice can also lead to flooding.When ice begins to melt,the surface of the ice cracks and breaks into large pieces.These pieces of ice move and float down the river,They can form a dam in the river,causing the water behind the dam to rise and flood the land upstream.If the dam breaks suddenly,then the large amount of water held behind the dam can flood the areas downstream too.

Broken ice dams are not the only dam problems that can cause flooding.When a large human-made dam breaks or fails to hold the water collected behind it,the results can be devastating.Dams contain such huge amounts of water behind them that when sudden breaks occur,the great force of the water is like a great tidal wave.The dam waters can travel tens of kilometres,cover the ground in metres of mud and litter,and drown and crush every thing and creature in their path.

Although scientists cannot always predict exactly when floods will occur,they do know a great deal about when floods are probably going to occur.Deep snow,ice-covered rivers,and weak dams are all strong conditions for potential flooding.

1.Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

("P" stands for "Paragraph".)

A. B.

C. D.

2.Why does frozen ground probably contribute to flooding when deep snow melts?

A. It is likely to form an ice dam.

B. It is too hard for water to run off.

C. It cannot take in more water.

D. It makes the snow melt too quickly.

3.Which of the following words has the closest meaning to the underlined word "devastating" in Paragraph 4?

A. Positive. B. Disappointing.

C. Impressive. D. Damaging.

4.What is mainly talked about in the passage?

A. How floods come into being. B. Where floods usually occur.

C. Why floods do huge damage. D. How to prevent floods effectively.

If you’ve ridden any New York subway, chances are good that you’ve watched your cellphone clock tick while seated on an unmoving, delayed train. You wouldn’t wish to have such a ________ feeling of being stuck on public transportation anymore. No one knows the feeling as ________ as Jerich Marco Alcantara does particularly when he had ________ in his life to celebrate. He ________ his graduation ceremony at Hunter College’s Brookdale campus due to a delay.

There were two ________ ceremonies that day, but Alcantara specifically wanted to ________ the early ceremony, because students were only ________ two tickets for friends and family at the latter event. He wanted all of his family and friends in attendance.

Stuck on the train in full baccalaureate gown (学士服), Alcantara still got to experience a formal ________, sort of. Some friends and strangers improvised (即兴创作) a ceremony on the subway. ________ a cellphone, a friend presented Alcantara with a “diploma”; ________ somebody else on the train played Good Riddance (Time of Your Life) by Green Day. Another passenger ________ the ceremony and posted the video to Facebook.

_____ he wasn’t able to attend the full ceremony, in a way this will end up being a more memorable ________ for Alcantara down the road. He will be able to point to his ________ and not just think of the hard work it took to earn it, but the ________ missing his real graduation ceremony created.

Moments like these help us get a little more ________ of our fellow man during a ________time. Although these aren’t all strangers, it’s still wonderful to see people ________ to make sure someone feels the proper ________, or at least their big achievement should be ________. Though Alcantara missed his official graduation ceremony, he said his subway experience meant a lot.

1.A. rising B. sinking C. spinning D. floating

2.A. vividly B. casually C. plainly D. fiercely

3.A. milestones B. promotions C. festivals D. parties

4.A. spoiled B. quitted C. overlooked D. missed

5.A. separate B. continuous C. relevant D. contradictory

6.A. join B. make C. abandon D. ignore

7.A. appointed B. allocated C. approved D. accumulated

8.A. assembly B. situation C. occasion D. meeting

9.A. Via B. On C. In D. From

10.A. instead B. afterwards C. therefore D. meanwhile

11.A. filmed B. took C. interviewed D. reported

12.A. Since B. As C. Although D. When

13.A. exploration B. moment C. impression D. stage

14.A. video B. ticket C. diploma D. cellphone

15.A. pain B. inconvenience C. excitement D. memory

16.A. convinced B. tired C. reliant D. faithful

17.A. messy B. extreme C. acute D. disorganized

18.A. get together B. gather together C. put together D. band together

19.A. acquisition B. cooperation C. recognition D. evaluation

20.A. welcomed B. applauded C. calculated D. encouraged

Bandhavgarh National Park in India is best known for its amazing setting, as well as having the highest concentration of tigers in India. In addition to tigers, there are also bears, deer, wolves, birds, etc.

Location: In Madhya Pradesh state, almost 200 kilometers northeast of Jabalpur. The nearest village is Tala, which is the access point of the park.

Opening Hours and Safari (游猎) Times

Safaris operate twice a day, starting at dawn until late morning, and mid afternoon until sunset. The best time to visit the park is early in the morning or after 7 p.m. to spot the animals. The park is closed from July 1 to September 30 due to the monsoon season (季风季节).

Bandhavgarh Zones

Bandhavgarh is divided into three main zones: Tala (the park’s best zone, with the most tigers), Magdhi (the second best zone to see tigers), and Khitauli (scenic and less visited, although tiger sightings do occur there; particularly good for birding).

Entry Fees and Charges for Jeep Safaris

Bandhavgarh has become expensive to visit in recent years. Entry fees have increased since October 2014. When going on a safari, separate fees must be paid for park entry and jeep hire. Entry tickets are priced per vehicle (up to six people). For 2015-16, park entry tickets cost as follows:

·Tala Zone: 2,400 rupees for Indians, 4,800 rupees for foreigners. (Up to six people)

·Other Zones: 1,200 rupees for Indians, 2,400 rupees for foreigners. (Up to six people)

Jeep Hire

Expect to pay about 2,200 rupees to hire a jeep, in addition to the entry cost. This can be done at the park entrance. All hotels can arrange jeep hire and tours, but at a higher rate. It’s much less trouble though. Besides, unlike many national parks in India, it’s possible to take private vehicles into Bandhavgarh.

1.When can you visit the park?

A. In July. B. In August.

C. In September. D. In October.

2.How much should five Americans pay for entry fees to visit Magdhi Zone?

A. 1,200 rupees. B. 2,400 rupees.

C. 4,800 rupees. D. 6,000 rupees.

3.Which of the following statements is TRUE about jeep hire in the park?

A. Tourists don’t have to hire jeeps.

B. Hiring jeeps from hotels costs less money.

C. Tourists can only hire a jeep from the park.

D. Jeep hire fees are included in the entry cost.

A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off-if it is milked from a cow at night.

Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.

The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.

Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.

Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.

While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.

Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.

Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.

1.According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk_______.

A. started sleep more easily

B. were less active

C. were more anxious

D. woke up later

2.Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text?

A. It’s used in sleeping drugs

B. It exists in milk in great amount

C. It can make people more energetic

D. It’s been tested on mice for ten years

3.What can be a suitable title for the text?

A. Milk Drinking and Health B. Fat, Sugar and Health

C. Night Milk and Sleep D. An Experiment on Mice

Popular culture often shows alcohol as a big part of the college experience in the United States. Television programs and movies about American college life have images of wild parties with young people either drinking alcohol or holding a drink.

Now, a new study of alcohol use suggests that some college students may be missing meals so they can have more drinks or get drunk faster. Researchers are calling this kind of behavior "drunkorexia".

The study involved 1,184 college students between the ages of 18 and 26. Researchers found that 80 percent of those studied had demonstrated some kind of drunkorexia in the past three months. They had performed heavy physical exercise, eaten low calorie meals or even missed meals for up to a full day before drinking alcohol.

Dipali Rinker organized the study and presented its findings to the Research Society on Alcoholism in June. She says students see drunkorexia as a way to keep their body weight down while drinking alcohol. And it causes them to feel the effects of alcohol quickly and with more intensity(强度). Rinker says unhealthy eating habits are only one of the reasons why this type of behavior is dangerous. Heavy drinking is linked to drunk driving, unprotected sex, and alcohol poisoning.

George Koob, who directs a U.S. governmental agency that studies alcohol related problems, says that the percent of students using alcohol has not increased in recent years. But what worries him is that the number of students drinking to the point of "blacking out" has increased. Blacking out is when a person drinks so much alcohol they have no memory of their actions while drunk.

Koob notes that college students in Canada and Europe also face issues with alcohol. But he feels a big part of the problem is that Americans do not fully understand alcohol's effects. Most people do not know the part of the brain where decisions are made is not fully developed until age 25 and that alcohol harms the development of that part of the brain, he adds.

1.What is the purpose of the behavior "drunkorexia"?

A. To get drunk. B. To drink more alcohol.

C. To take exercise. D. To lose weight.

2.What can heavy drinking result in?

A. Unhealthy eating habits. B. Drunkorexia.

C. Alcohol poisoning. D. Quick response.

3.Which of the following is the result of blacking out?

A. Missing meals. B. Forgetting something one did.

C. Having unprotected sex. D. Operating a vehicle while drunk.

4.By writing the passage, the writer aims to ________.

A. show heavy drinking and its harm B. show America college life

C. introduce American culture D. explain harmful behaviors

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