How would you like to sleep with one half your brain asleep and the other half awake? Dolphins sleep this way. Recently, scientists at Indiana State University have discovered that ducks sleep this way too. They found that ducks sleep half awake so they can rest and watch for danger at the same time.

After putting their ducks in a row and videotaping them, some researchers found ducks on the end of each row spent more time asleep with one eye open, apparently looking for predators.

“The more the ducks felt threatened, the more they slept with one eye open,” said lead author Niels C. Rattenborg, a graduate student at Indiana State University, Terre Haute. “The unique aspect is not that they do it, but that they control it. When they sleep at the edge of a group, they tend to realize greater danger, so they spend more time sleeping with one half of their brain.” Ducks with one eye open were still awake enough to detect predators, said the authors of the study, which appears today in the journal Nature.

The researchers studied four groups of four ducks held in plastic boxes, which were arranged in a row. Ducks on the end were found to sleep with one eye open 31.8 per cent of the time, compared to 12.4 percent of the time for ducks in the central position.

Also, ducks in the central position did not open one eye more than the others, while ducks on each end kept the eye facing away from the group open 86.2 per cent of the time. Brain wave readings of the ducks showed that the half of the brain receiving signals from the closed eye indicated that half of the brain was sleeping. Signals from the half of the brain receiving signals from the open eye showed a state between fully awake and asleep.

1.The under lined word “predator” is most likely to mean       .

A. an animal that is likely to be friends with ducks

B. a human being who looks after and feeds ducks

C. a scientist who does research work on animals

D. an animal that hunts, kills and eats other animals

2.Ducks at the end of each row sleep with one eye open because       .

A. they are looking for food

B. they are watching out for danger

C. they want to enjoy the scenery

D. they are unique in their sleeping habit

3.Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A. Ducks with one eye open at the edge can still enjoy a certain degree of sleep.

B. Ducks with less sense of duty usually choose to stay in the center of a row.

C. Ducks on the northern end of a row would keep their eye facing the south open.

D. A video tape recorder was the only electronic device used in the experiment. 

 

Producing money requires both artistic and technological skills. Dollar bills are made so that they are interesting to look at but very hard to copy. In total, there are sixty-five separate steps required to make a dollar bill.

The money making process begins when a yearly order is sent by the Federal Reserve Board. That order will then be divided in half. Half will be done here in Washington, D.C. and the other half will be done in Fort Worth, Texas. Next, the Bureau orders special paper which is actually cloth since it is 75% cotton and 25% linen.

This paper is made so that it can last a long time. And, it is made with details that make it hard to copy. For example, bills contain security threads. These narrow pieces of plastic are inside the paper and run along the width of the bill. This special paper is also made with very small blue and red fibers.

Once the money is printed, guillotine cutters (切纸机) separate the sheets into two notes, then into individual notes.The notes are organized in "bricks," each of which contains forty one-hundred-note packages. The bricks then go to one of twelve Federal Reserve Districts, which then give the money to local banks. Ninety-five percent of the bills printed each year are used to replace money that is in circulation, or that has already been removed from circulation.

You may know that America's first president, George Washington, is pictured on the one- dollar bill. But do you know whose face is on the two, five, ten, twenty, fifty and one hundred-dollar bills? They are, in order. President Thomas Jefferson, President Abraham Lincoln, Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, President Andrew Jackson, President Ulysses Grant and statesman Benjamin Franklin.

The average life span of a one-dollar bill is twenty-one months. But a ten-dollar bill lasts only about eighteen months.The one hundred-dollar bill lasts the longest, eighty-nine months.One popular question is about the two-dollar bill. This bill is not printed very often. This is because many Americans believe two-dollar bills are lucky, so they keep them. 

1.During money production, we must consider all EXCEPT that it must                    .

A. last a long time                       B. be hard to copy

C. be done by the president's order D. be interesting to look at

2.We can learn from the passage that the security threads                    .

A. are narrow pieces of plastic

B. are pressed outside the bills

C. are longer than the width of the bills

D. are actually made of cotton and linen

3. How many presidents are printed on the American money?

A. Four                     B. Five                     C. Six                  D. Seven

4.Why are the two-dollar bills not made often?

A. Because no one wants them.

B. Because they aren't damaged quickly like other bills.

C. Because they aren't used in America any more.

D. Because their material is a bit more expensive.

 

In Europe, people hold the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right throughout the meal, a system that is generally agreed to be more efficient than the American zigzag(曲折的)method. Americans hold both the fork and the knife in their right hands throughout the meal, so they continually change their forks to the left hand when they have to cut their meat. It seems to be funny for the Europeans to see Americans busy changing their dinner sets, making a lot of noises.

A few explanations for this American style are as follows:

(1) Americans are practical and efficient. Since most of us are right-handed, it is reasonable to keep our working tools at all times in the right hand that can use them most efficiently.

(2) Americans, the master of the New World are rebels(叛逆者).They use the zigzag method to break the rules in the Old World and in this way they are thumbing their nose at Mother England. Americans are a restless kind. They do not like to sit in one spot for very long when dining.

(3) Forced to do so, they respond by “playing” with the silver.

Whatever the reason for the practice, it is now certainly as American as apple pie. Europeans recognize this and are quick to attack it as evidence of American innocence(无知)of form. Arguments against the zigzag method rest not only on grounds of efficiency but also on those of tradition. In Old World dining, the knife is held in the right hand continually because it can serve as an instant defense against the uninvited intruders(入侵者).However, such alertness(警觉) is out of place in the New World, as every American believes that this is the home of the brave. Americans juggle their silverware, perhaps, to show that they are not afraid and that one of them holding a fork is worth any number of them holding blades(刀).

1.Americans use _______ to hold their fork to pick up the salad.

A.the right hand                          B.the left hand

C.both hands                            D.either of the two hands

2.As the masters of the New World, Americans use a different cutting method from that in the Old World to _________________.

A.show their independence of Mother England

B.show their disrespect to Mother England

C.add a new tradition to those in Mother England

D.show off their creativeness to Mother England

3.In the last sentence, the word “juggle” probably means ____________.

A.hold             B.play with          C.pick up           D.lay down

4.Also in the last sentence, the two “them” refer to ____________.

A.Americans

B.Europeans and Americans separately

C.Americans and Europeans separately

D.Europeans

5.Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A.European people hold the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right hand.

B.The zigzag eating method is related to American characteristics.

C.The zigzag eating method has become an American feature.

D.European people will use the American method because of its efficiency.

 

Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller__1__, faces practically every company trying to __2__ new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know. While banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally __3__ to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in __4__ for a share in future profits. This they do by __5__ stocks and shares in the business through the Stock Exchange. By doing so they can put into circulation the savings of __6__ and organizations, both at home and overseas.         

When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. __7__, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to __8__ his money.

Many of the __9__ needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not __10__. All these require __11__ spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The government, local authorities, and nationalized industries __12__ frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to the Stock Exchange.

There is __13__ a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not __14__ the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange __15_ to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.

1.                A.level           B.extent          C.scale     D.basis

 

2.                A.programme     B.provide         C.develop D.prepare

 

3.                A.unexpected     B.unwilling        C.unbelievable   D.uncertain

 

4.                A.search         B.exchange       C.value D.comfort

 

5.                A.issuing         B.allowing        C.producing D.acquiring

 

6.                A.immigrants      B.investigators     C.inheritors D.individuals

 

7.                A.Indeed         B.In fact          C.In addition D.Instead

 

8.                A.eliminate       B.reflect          C.invest    D.profit

 

9.                A.properties      B.appliances       C.foundations   D.services

 

10.               A.function        B.experience      C.share D.launch

 

11.               A.invisible        B.continuous      C.limited    D.economical

 

12.               A.therefore       B.however        C.nevertheless   D.otherwise

 

13.               A.definitely       B.almost          C.hardly     D.probably

 

14.               A.turn down      B.depend on      C.take over  D.put off

 

15.               A.releases        B.forces          C.leaves D.exists

 

 

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