“Community” is not a concept that is easy to define (定义) . In this essay I will examine what turns individuals into a community, and discuss some different types. I will also look at what all communities have in common, the benefits they offer and draw conclusions about their increasing importance.

The word “community” may make you think of traditional communities in the developing world, where large families live together. We may also imagine the neighbours as people who are happy to help out whenever it is needed. The stereotpical(老套的) view is that of a village, where people have little but can feel very rich because everyone takes responsibility for the welfare of the others.

On the other hand, there are other types of communities: ultramodern(超现代的) ones, where the community members are unlikely to have actually met each other. These are online communities, where people blog or chat about particular issues that are important to them. They come across others on websites and may develop a relationship there with like-minded people, discussing the same topics. The view is often that these are artificial connections between people who are, in effect, still isolated(孤立的) strangers.

In reality, the connections are real. Moreover, there are many types of communities in between these extremes: people who join clubs, who sign up with voluntary, political or other organizations, or who take part in group discussions in their local area. They may be campaigning about issues or simply getting together for companionship and support.

Human beings are social by nature, so it should not be a surprise that we organize ourselves in groups. However, there is more going on: these groups provide something that we cannot achieve on our own. The main benefit of being part of a larger group is strength in numbers. For example, we can access and share more information, we can take part in team sports, we can complain and campaign more effectively and even if we are just having a chat, online or in person, we can feel supported in whatever we do.

Whatever forms communities take, what defines them is the sense of identity and safety that they provide for their members: the knowledge that there are people who we have something in common with and who can be relied on when we need each other.

1.In traditional communities, people_________.

A. live in a large family

B. are wealthy but unhappy

C. help and care about each other

D. are isolated and don't have connections

2.According to the text, online community members_________ .

A. develop a close working relationship

B. share opinions about issues on websites

C. communicate with each other in person

D. share the same interest but have no relations

3.Paragraph 5 mainly talks about___________.

A. the types of community

B. the culture of community

C. the benefits of community

D. the definition of community

4.Communities provide their members with___________.

A. a sense of identity and safety

B. a sense of social responsibility

C. chances of meeting new people

D. chances of developing their interests

Toddler World Nursery was delighted to employ a trainee---twenty-two-old Jonathan Brown—as their first male nursery schoolteacher. He was also the only man who applied for the job, but, insists Margery Bowman, head teacher of Toddler World, by far the best applicant. “Both boys and girls will benefit from the experience of having a male role model in the nursery.” Says mother of two, Margery.

Jonathan has always been interested in childcare. His own mother is a childminder and his father is a teacher. “I’ve always helped Mum with looking after all the children.” he says. “I’m used to changing nappies, feeding babies, reading stories and playing with Lego.”

But Jonathan is a rare male in a female world. Only 2% of nursery teachers are men and this hasn’t changed for ten years. Roger Olsen of the National Nursery Trust said, “Men are often viewed with anxiety and suspicion(怀疑)in a children’s environment. Or they are expected to do things the way women would do them. But men bring different things into childcare and this has to be recoginsed.” Jonathan agrees. He is a qualified under-7s football coach, and plants to introduce football lessons to the nursery for boys and girls.

What do Jonathan’s friends think of his choice of career?

“Actually, most of them are pretty cool about it now.” he says, “though they do make jokes about nappies. And I’ve found that girls are actually quite impressed – so that’s good!”

1.Why was Jonathan employed by Toddler World Nursery?

A. He was the best among all the applicants.

B. He was the only man who applied for the job.

C. He would be able to teach kids to play football.

D. He would do things the way women would do them.

2.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “childminder” (Para.2)?

A. Instructor.

B. Superior.

C. Baby-sitter.

D. Coach.

3.What did Roger Olsen say about the job of childcare?

A. It has been women-specific.

B. It requires people’s understanding.

C. It takes time to make some changes.

D. It needs men teachers to bring something different.

Do you have any friends? Have you ever visited your friends? Jenny went to visit her friends in New York last weekend. Her friends met her at the airport(机场) on Friday afternoon and drove her to the hotel. They had dinner at a Chinese restaurant and went to see a film after that.

  Jenny and her friends set out early on Saturday morning for a farm and stayed there until Sunday morning. During their stay, they went fishing and swimming in the small river on the farm. They played football in the field and enjoyed a big meal around a camp fire(篝火), singing and dancing till late into the night.

  Nobody could get up early on Sunday morning.So when they got back to New York City, it was about three o’clock in the afternoon.They drove right to the airport because Jenny didn’t want to miss her plane back home.Jenny only stayed in New York for two nights but she had a great time with her friends.

1.Jenny went to New York________.

A. to do some shopping B. to see her friends C. to spend her summer holiday D. to find a job

2.How did Jenny get to New York?

A. By train. B. By bus. C. By plane. D. On foot.

3.Where did Jenny and her friends go on Saturday?

A. To the farm. B. To the Chinese restaurant. C. To the airport. D. To the railway station.

4.When did Jenny go back home?

A. On Saturday afternoon. B. On Sunday morning.

C. On Saturday evening. D. On Sunday afternoon.

5.How long did Jenny stay in New York?

A. three nights B. four nights C. two nights D. one night.

When my college life begins, I feel it is quite different from senior high school life.

Above all, there are various activities on the campus(校园). They arouse our enthusiasm and we all like to take part in them, from which we benefit much.

Besides, we have to learn how to look after ourselves. When I was in high school, I lived with my parents and they took perfect care of me. But now, I'm in a new place. If I still depend on others, I would never adapt myself to the new surroundings. So college life makes me mature.

In senior high school, teachers would drive me to study if I didn't work hard. But now, it seems to be another story--study becomes my own business(actually it should always be). More often than not, I'm in the classroom studying on my own. So I can say it is college life that lets me know how to study.

1.Why do we like to take parts in the activities on the campus?

A. There are many activities.

B. There are few activities.

C. We were forced to take parts in them.

D. They arouse our enthusiasm and we benefit much from them.

2.Why did the author said that the college life makes him mature?

A. He has to learn to look after himself.

B. He can live with his parents.

C. He can still depend on others.

D. He would never adapt himself to the new surroundings.

3.Which of the following is NOT true?

A. College life is quite different from senior high school life.

B. There are a lot of activities on the campus.

C. Teachers don't care about the students' study at all.

D. College life makes one mature.

Sleep position is often a matter of comfort, but in some cases your sleeping position may be important to your health.

When Side-Sleeping( Right or Left)Is Helpful

1.Back sleeping is associated with snoring because while you are on your back, your tongue moves back into your throat. For this reason, sleeping on your side(either right or left)or on your stomach is recommended to prevent snoring.

Neck and back pain are very common problems that could be affected by sleep position.

2.Pillows or other sleep aids might be used to keep the back in a more natural position while sleeping.

When Sleeping On the Left Is Not Recommended

You may have chronic heart failure or have had a heart attack.3.Sleeping on your right side may lower your heart rate and your blood pressure. Sleeping on your left side may have a negative effect on sympathetic nervous activity.4.

Important Points to Remember About Left-Sided Sleeping

Sleep position is often a matter of comfort, and most people change positions while sleeping and find themselves waking in a different position than the one in which they fell asleep.5.Then you can try sleeping with a pillow behind your back to prevent you from rolling over.

A. It includes heart rate and blood pressure.

B. The heart is slightly to the left in your chest.

C. Choose the sleep position that is most comfortable for you.

D. Snoring is a common problem that can occur for many reasons.

E. Sleeping on your right side may be recommended by your physician.

F. You may be recommended to sleep on your left side for medical reasons.

G. Sleeping on the side or on the back may help reduce back and neck pain.

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