题目内容


What can be found in the two recent studies?
One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards.Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study, which appeared last month in the journal Science.They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner's Dilemma.The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group.The students played in groups of four.Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally.But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players, at a cost to the punisher.Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation (合作).The groups that rewarded most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded least.And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings.The group with the most punishment earned twenty-five percent less than the group with the least punishment.
The other study referred to children, which was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse.Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups.More than eight hundred children were ages two to four the first time they were tested.More than seven hundred children were ages five to nine.The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test.Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not.The study says the IQs ?or intelligence quotients—of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were.In the older group, the difference was almost three points.Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire' worked with Mallie Paschall from the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation.Professor Strauss has written extensively about physical punishment of children.He says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development.He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common.
72.We can learn from the passage that ____.
A.the first study began last month at Harvard University in America
B.the Prisoner's Dilemma is a game that can teach you how to be cooperative
C.the study on the IQs of children was carried out by Professor Murray Strauss
D.Professor Mallie has done lots of researches on family violence
73.What study method was adopted in the two recent studies according to the passage?
A.Observation.       B.Questionnaire.      C.Conclusion. D.Experiment.
74.The underlined word "spanked" in the third paragraph refers to ____.
A.scolded constantly      B.punished physically
C.praised frequendy           D.rewarded mentally
75.Which of the following charts is TRUE according to the passage?


【小题1】B
【小题2】D
【小题3】B
【小题4】A

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  When asked about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, an absolute delight, which seems to get rarer the older we get.

  For kids, happiness has a magical quality.Their delight at winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved(毫不掩饰的).

  In the teenage years the concept of happiness changes.Suddenly it's conditional on such things as excitement, love and popularity.I can still recall the excitement of being invited to dance with the most attractive boy at the school party.

  In adulthood the things that bring deep joy-love, marriage, birth-also bring responsibility and the risk of loss.For adults, happiness is complicated(复杂的)

  My definition fo happiness is “the capacity for enjoyment”.The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are.It's easy to overlook the pleasure we get from the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, and even goo health.

  I experienced my little moments of pleasure yesterday.First I was overjoyed when I shut the last lunch-box and had the house to myself.Then I spent an uninterrupted morning writing, which I love.When the kids and my husband came home, I enjoyed their noise after the quiet of the day.

  Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a mix of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work.I don't think that my grandmother, who raised 14 children, had much of either.She did have a network of close friends and family, and maybe this is what satisfied her.

  We, however, with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area, have turned happiness into one more thing we’ve got to have.We’ve so self-conscious about our “right” to it that it's making us miserable.So we chase it and equal it with wealth and success, without noticing that the people who have those things aren't necessarily happier

  Happiness isn't about what happens to us-it's about how we see what happens to us.It's the skillful way of finding a positive for every negative.It's not wishing for what we don't have, but enjoying what we do possess.

(1)

As people grow older, they

[  ]

A.

feel it harder to experience happiness

B.

associate their happiness less with others

C.

will take fewer risks in pursuing happiness

D.

tend to believe responsibility means happiness

(2)

What can we learn about the author from Paragraph 5 and 6?

[  ]

A.

She cares little about her own health

B.

She enjoys the freedom of traveling

C.

She is easily pleased by things in daily life

D.

She prefers getting pleasure from housework

(3)

What can b informed from Paragraph 7?

[  ]

A.

Psychologists think satisfying work is key to happiness

B.

Psychologists’opinion is well proved by Grandma’case

C.

Grandma often found time for social gatherings

D.

Grandma's happiness came from modest expectations of life

(4)

People who equal happiness with wealth and success

[  ]

A.

consider pressure something blocking their way

B.

stress then right to happiness too much

C.

are at a loss to make correct choices

D.

are more likely to be happy

(5)

What can be concluded from the passage?

[  ]

A.

Happiness lies between the positive and the negative

B.

Each man is the master of his own fate

C.

Success leads to happiness

D.

Happy is he who is content

My husband is an engineer. Since we met, he has always  been the rock in my life. I knew he had his feet 36 planted on the ground ,and it seemed that no matter what else went  37 , he would be the constant one.
Three years of romance and two years of marriage later, I began to feel  38 of him because he never brought me flowers , he never   39  me, and nothing had changed in our marriage.
After  40  , I finally told him I wanted to be  41  . He just sat there , speechless and didn’t even know            __42__to say to make me stay . Finally , he spoke ,“What can I do to change your 43 ?”
“I’ll stay if you have a good answer  44 this question,” I replied coldly。“If I asked for a  45 
growing on a cliff, and getting it for me   46 certain death, would you still do so ?”
His face grew troubled.“Can I give you the answer tomorrow morning ?” With that , my heart  47 . He couldn’t even give me an answer  48 away.
The next morning , I found he was    49 .However, I found a note under a warm glass of milk . My eyes   50 misty as I was reading it
“Dear, I’ll give you my  51  .
After you do typing for a long time , I need my 52  to do it for you.
Every time you leave the house , you forget your keys . I need my legs to run 53  and open the door for you… that’s why I cannot pick the flower for you….”
With tears   54from my eyes , I opened the door. And there he was , with an extremely worried look on his face, waving the packet he had in his hand in front of me.
Just because someone doesn’t love you  55 you want him to, it doesn’t meant that he doesn’t love you heart and soul.
【小题1】A deeply         B  firmly        C   slightly       D  totally
【小题2】A different       B  crazy     C   exciting       D   excited
【小题3】A  liked        B   tried          C   fond          D   tired
【小题4】Afrightened     B  loved          C   surprised      D    lost
【小题5】Asome time      B sometime    C   sometimes     D    some times
【小题6】A  in           B  up            C    down         D    out
【小题7】A what          B  which         C    how          D  when
【小题8】A saying         B comment         C    opinion       D   mind
【小题9】A to             B   of            C     for          D about
【小题10】Atree        B   moon        C     flower       D  butterfly
【小题11】Ameant          B   resulted       C    caused        D  led
【小题12】Asank         B   settled        C    rose          D   worried
【小题13】A soon      B   straight       C    straightly      D   quickly
【小题14】Amissed         B   missing        C    losing        D  lost
【小题15】Afell            B   changed        C    grew         D   got
【小题16】Adscriptions    B   causes       C    lists          D  reasons
【小题17】Aheart         B   fingers        C   mind          D   arms
【小题18】A home         B   at home        C     out         D   in
【小题19】Asteaming       B  sretching    C   streaming     D  spreading
【小题20】Alike it           B    way          C    how        D   the way

Sociologists have long recognized that organizations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members. Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organizations are getting less flexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication.

   One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organizations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, larger organizations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization. Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.

  The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station. Whether by chance or by design, it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.

 It was some time before they work out what the problem was. It turn out that, when the architects were designing the new building, they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organization. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gathered informally over their sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information was casually being exchanged.

68.What size of an organization may lead to communication failures?

       A.An organization of less than 200 individuals.

       B.An organization of more than 200 individuals.

       C.An organization of less than 150 individuals.

       D.An organization of more than 150 individuals.

69.We can solve the communication problem within a large organization by         .

       A.allowing free flow of information

       B.maintaining a formal structure of relationships

       C.structuring larger organizations into smaller units

       D.structuring smaller organizations and building direct personal relationship

70.After the TV station moved into new accommodation, its operation         .

       A.seemed to be more difficult                   B.seemed to be more satisfying

       C.seemed to be more successful               D.seemed to be more effective

71.What can b e concluded from the last paragraph?

       A.It’s unwise to do away with the coffee room when designing a new office building.

       B.The coffee room is the most important place in an office building.

       C.Useful information was formally being exchanged over their sandwiches in the coffee room.

       D.The coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury.

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