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Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be 1 and damaged? Judging from an experiment in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if a baby heard no mother 2 , the experimenter told the nurses to keep silent. All the 3 died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life 4 , the capacity to survive is seriously affected. Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by the experimenter. 5 , some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is 6 to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for 7 skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at right time, but the process is slow and hard once the 8 stage has passed. Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a 9 age, but there are cases where speech has started 10 in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple 11 ; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style 12 grammar. Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the 13 to speak. What is special about man's brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to 14 the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern "toy - bear". And even more 15 is the young brain's ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyse, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. | ||||
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1-5: BDCDB 6-10: CAADB 11-15: ADDBB
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It is often said that politeness costs nothing. In fact, __1__hearing the phrase "thank you" or "well done" means the same to employees as a modest pay__2__, researchers say. Praise and encouragement also__3__employees more likely to work hard and stay in their jobs, saving on the cost of finding__4__. A third of 1,000 workers__5__said they did not get thanked at all when they did well, and a(n) __6__third said they were not thanked enough. In both__7__, the employees said they felt__8__, meaning they were less likely to be__9__to their jobs and were more likely to look for employment elsewhere. According to the survey, praising employees has the same__10__as a 1 percent pay rise, and works out much__11__for bosses. Three out of four employees said that regular__12__by their bosses was important to them, __13__ only a quarter said they were actually given as much praise__14__they felt they needed. Those doing manual (体力的) jobs were less likely to be given any __15__for doing well. Scottish employees felt__16__undervalued, eight out of ten saying they would like more praise. However, workers in the northeast are less__17__by being buttered up by the boss, as only 69 percent said they felt the__18__to be told "well done" regularly. The research found that words of praise did more than__19__a pleasant place to work-they could __20__increase profits. | ||||
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It is good that young men should begin at the beginning and occupy the least important positions. 1 of the leading businessmen of Pittsburgh had a serious responsibility placed upon them at the very beginning of their 2 . They were 3 to the broom, spending the first hours of their business livs 4 the office. And here is the basic 5 of success, the great secret: 6 your energy, thought, and capital (资本) wholly on the business in which you are 7 . Having begun in one line, determine to fight it out on that 8 , to lead in it, adopt every 9 , have the best machinery, and know the most about it. The companies which fail are those which have 10 their capital, which means that they have scattered their brains, 11 . They have investments in this, or that, 12 the other, here, there, and everywhere. "Don't put all your eggs in one basket" 13 all wrong, I tell you. "Put all your eggs in one basket, and then 14 that basket". Look round you and take 15 ; men who do that do not often fail. It is easy to watch and carry the one basket. It is trying to carry 16 many baskets that breaks most eggs in this country. He 17 carries three baskets must put one on his head, which is 18 to fall down. One 19 of the American businessman is lack of concentration. Remember: put all your eggs in one basket, and watch that basket. As Emerson 20 , "no one can cheat you out of final success but yourselves." | ||||
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It is often said that politeness costs nothing.In fact, 1 hearing the phrase "thank you" or "well done" means the same to employees as a modest pay 2 , researchers say. Praise and encouragement also 3 employees more likely to work hard and stay in their jobs, saving on the cost of finding 4 . A third of 1,000 workers 5 said they did not get thanked at all when they did well, and a(n) 6 third said they were not thanked enough. In both 7 , the employees said they felt 8 , meaning they were less likely to be 9 to their jobs and were more likely to look for employment elsewhere. According to the survey, praising employees has the same 10 as a 1 percent pay rise, and works out much 11 for bosses. Three out of four employees said that regular 12 by their bosses was important to them, 13 only a quarter said they were actually given as much praise 14 they felt they needed.Those doing manual (体力的) jobs were less likely to be given any 15 for doing well. Scottish employees felt 16 undervalued, eight out of ten saying they would like more praise. However, workers in the northeast are less 17 by being buttered up by the boss, as only 69 percent said they felt the 18 to be told "well done" regularly. The research found that words of praise did more than 19 a pleasant place to work-they could 20 increase profits. | ||||
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Is the world really going mad? 1 day I was sitting in a small restaurant 2 a quiet drink and a talk with a few friends when it suddenly 3 me that almost everyone in the restaurant was smoking. It wasn't long 4 the whole room was 5 with smoke. I asked with an apology for 6 to open a window to stop myself 7 ! Nowadays air pollution is something that we hardly question any more. However, I still can't walk down the streets in any of the big cities without 8 that people are 9 the air pollution. It is time for the government departments of the world to introduce emission (废气排出) controls on all cars and 10 the public transport system to encourage people to 11 their cars at home. A friend of mine takes flying lessons each morning and it really makes him 12 when he climbs above the smog layer (烟雾层) and looks down 13 it and thinks: "I'm breathing that!" This kind of 14 results from the bad management of resources. Waste things can, 15 should, be treated properly. House building, road construction and industrial development are all earth-moving(or earth-reducing)operations and can change the balances of 16 created over millions of years. I would like to 17 serious studies done on all these main works before they are built. Also, there should be 18 national parks 19 to keep the most beautiful parts of our countries in their natural 20 . | |||
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