根据材料并结合所学知识回答问题 .材料一在美国宪法的制定过程中.一些政治家认为.“人民和“人民的代表是不同的,“人民高于“人民的代表 ,“由人民制定.政府不能更改的宪法高于“由政府制定.政府能够更改的普通法律,国会的立法如果违宪.“自然不能使之生效 .根据这些理论.最高法院有权审查国会立法和总统行政命令是否符合宪法.� 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

题目内容

根据材料并结合所学知识回答问题。（15分）

材料一在美国宪法的制定过程中，一些政治家认为，“人民”和“人民的代表”（国会）是不同的；“人民”高于“人民的代表”；“由人民制定、政府不能更改的”宪法高于“由政府制定、政府能够更改的”普通法律；国会的立法如果违宪，“自然不能使之生效”。根据这些理论，最高法院有权审查国会立法和总统行政命令是否符合宪法。但是，1787年美国宪法没有相关规定，即未建立起司法审查制度。在初期美国政府中，既无财权、军权又无民意基础的最高法院的地位明显低于总统和国会。

——摘编自（美）汉密尔顿等《联邦党人文集》

材料二 1803年，最高法院对“马伯里诉麦迪逊案”做出判决：法院不能行使宪法没有授予的权力，国会通过的立法如果违背宪法则无效。该判例确立了最高法院有权审查国会立法或总统行政命令是否违宪的司法审查制度，从而使最高法院足以与国会或总统相制衡。

——摘编自（美）伯纳德施瓦茨《美国法律史》

（1）根据材料一并结合所学知识，概括美国创立司法审查制度的理论基础。（7分）

（2）根据材料一、二并结合所学知识，说明“马伯里诉麦迪逊案”对于美国民主制度的影响。（8分）

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相关题目

One day I was walking to the mailbox with my dad,when I saw something drop from a tree.I couldn't____what it was,so I kept my eyes on the spot as we came near.It was a baby bird,which had fallen from its nest.It had long, awkward wings and feet,and____that fought to stay open.It was____,so I sat next to it watching while my dad got the mail.I____its nest and mother,____what would happen to it.

My dad said we had to____it;there was nothing we could do.He said if the bird mother smelled any traces（踪迹）of____,she wouldn't go near the____again.

As we began to walk away,a woman____."Did it fall out of a nest?"she asked.

"Yeah."I answered.

"It____a lot.Not much we can do,"she said."Try not to think about it when you go to sleep tonight."

I walked____the mailbox the next day.The baby bird lay____in the grass.

I realize that "Try not to think about it" is the____of many people towards things which____to provide them with perfect excuses____not bothering.The woman wasn't being____;she was actually quite nice.But when everyone says "there's____I can do—just try not to think about it,"where will we finally____?When billions of people____try not to think about it when they go to bed at night,there might be millions of fallen birds lying dead and____in the grass the next morning.

1.A. say B. talk C. speak D. tell

2.A. eyes B. arms C. feathers D. claws

3.A. bored B. stupid C. lovely D. clever

4.A. turned back B. stared at C. pointed to D. looked for

5.A. suggesting B. deciding C. wondering D. finding

6.A. help B. leave C. catch D. kill

7.A. children B. humans C. animals D. insects

8.A. tree B. grass C. baby D. person

9.A. returned B. interrupted C. approached D. left

10.A. happens B. cries C. suffers D. changes

11.A. from B. beyond C. past D. into

12.A. asleep B. dead C. still D. alive

13.A. attitude B. feeling C. consideration D. understanding

14.A. fail B. prove C. refuse D. seem

15.A. from B. of C. about D. for

16.A. cruel B. kind C. silly D. friendly

17.A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything

18.A. start out B. come from C. settle down D. end up

19.A. possibly B. simply C. particularly D. luckily

20.A. forgotten B. buried C. eaten D. remembered

美国学生Jim即将作为一名交换生到中国来学习。李先生一家是他约定好的住宿家庭（homestay）。请以Jim的名义给李先生写一封信，要点如下：

选择homestay的原因：

1．体验中国文化，了解中国，了解世界；

2．喜欢中国饮食健康；

个人要求：

1．准备独立的房间；

2．允许一家一起用早餐、晚餐（周一到周五）。

注意：

1．词数100字左右；

2．文章的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数；

3．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Dear Mr Li,

I am very glad to be a guest of your family. Thank you for accepting me.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Best wishes!

Yours sincerely,

Jim

Dear Parents:

I’m delighted that you are considering the British International School for your children’s education. Our school offers first class international education delivered by experienced, highly qualified and professional staff.

We aim to provide a high quality British-style education characterized by:

The arrangement of the English National Curriculum to meet the needs of international and local students and offering an insight into the local culture.

High quality teaching provided by international and local staff.

A broad personal development of students that encourages independence, confidence, tolerance, good manners and respect.

A recognition of the school-parent partnership in the successful education of the children.

An acknowledge that all students are individuals who deserve an environment to help realize their academic and other potential, thereby preparing them for their chosen continued education and career.

A safe, caring, happy and stimulating environment benefiting from high quality facilities.

Our school provides an effective framework for education through a broad, balanced, and monitored curriculum. As students advance through the school, we ensure that their needs are met through progressive teaching and learning. Although our curriculum is based upon the National Curriculum for England, it is adapted as appropriate, to ensure suitability for our diverse student body. Thus, we strive for the development of transferable skills through the years of school, as well as the acquisition of a broad body of knowledge.

Students are given opportunities to develop many skills. These include skills in language, in science, technology and mathematics, in the aesthetic(审美的) and creative fields of music, drama and art, and in physical education.

We insist that students act in a responsible manner toward all members of society. Throughout the school, students are taught to distinguish between right and wrong and show consideration for others. The qualities of honesty, kindness and good manners are always encouraged. Our friendly atmosphere provides a secure and happy environment in which children can grow and flourish as Individuals and valued members of the school family.

1.What do you think the author is?

A. A school principal

B. An exchange student.

C. An assistant professor

D. An experienced lecturer.

2.Why does the school change its curriculum when necessary?

A. To develop some good students’ skills.

B. To meet the needs of different students.

C. To offer an insight into the local culture.

D. To help students realize their potential.

3.Which of the following about the students is NOT mentioned in the passage?

A. Manners

B. Self-discipline

C. Qualities.

D. Independence.

4.What is the purpose of the passage?

A. The author thinks schools and parents play an important role in teaching.

B. The author is stressing that responsibility is the most important thing for a student.

C. The author is encouraging more parents to send their children to this school.

D. The author implies students become valued people without a friendly atmosphere.

ARLANDA, Sweden （Reuters Life!）—Many people hate the idea of having to sleep on a plane. But Swedish entrepreneur Oscar Dios thinks they can be persuaded otherwise and he has created a new kind of hostel to prove it.

Dios says it is the world’s first jumbo （unusually large） jet hostel, an actual jet-plane at Sweden’s main airport outside Stockholm which has been changed into a 25- room guesthouse that sleeps as many as 72 people.

“I learned about this plane that was standing deserted at Arlanda airport and I’ve been trying the concept of hostels in many different houses and buildings,” he told Reuters. “I thought, ‘Why not a plane?’”

Jumbo Hostels opened for business on Thursday, giving customers the chance to check in and sleep in a room that can best be described as comfortable.”

“The most challenging part with this project is trying to build something inside a metal hull（壳） – it’s just really, really tight.”

The jet, which was originally produced for Singapore Airlines, was taken out of service in 2002. It is held on a concrete foundation with the landing gear secured in steel cradles.

One feature of the hostel is its price – a room starts at 350 Swedish crowns （about $ 41）, which is a lot less than hotel rooms outside of major airports.

Another feature is that customers can get married on the wing of the plane and stay in the plane’s more luxurious honeymoon suite （套房）.

Instead of walking down the aisle in the church, lovebirds can take what Jumbo Hostels calls the “wing walk,” where they can be joined in great happiness at the wing tip. The hostel has someone ready to perform the ceremony.

But in some respects this hostel remains a plane – most customers have to share the jet’s nine bathrooms and the staff only wear air host and hostess outfits. The only room that has its own bathroom is the honeymoon suite.

1.Which of the following is not true?

A. The jet plane was out of use for over eight years

B. The hostel provides ten bathrooms for customers

C. The rooms in the hotel are comfortable

D. The hostel lies at Arlanda airport in Stockholm

2.One of the features of the plane hostel is that .

A. air hostesses can offer good service

B. a wedding ceremony can be held on the wing

C. customers can sleep in comfortable rooms

D. the staff can have a “wing walk”

3.Why does Oscar Dios make jet plane hotel?

A. Because he is fond of plane very much.

B. Because he is very curious

C. Because he wants to earn more money.

D. Because he likes trying the concept of hotel in many different things.

4.The writer mainly wants to .

A. call on people to make use of the deserted things

B. describe a wonderful place for weddings

C. introduce a new kind of hostel

D. prove people can sleep on a plane

俄国苏维埃政权建立后至1940年间，一段时间内经济进入停滞状态，工业和生活用品的生产极度萎缩，可耕地面积缩减，粮食不断减产，牲畜大幅度减少。这一时期是

A．二月革命时期 B．国内战争时期

C．农业集体化时期 D．德军入侵时期

1927年，一位国民党领导人说：“现在可有一种危险，是国民党差不多专做上层的工作，中央党部、国民政府都是国民党的同志多。至于下层的民众运动，国民党员参加的少，共产党员参加的多，因此形成一种畸形的发展。”由此可知，当时

A．工农运动决定战争走向 B．国民革命运动已经失败

C．国共合作存在分裂隐患 D．国民党开始重视工农运动

From self-driving cars to deep sea explorers, more and more of humans’ tasks are being taken over by robots. But technology doesn’t stop there. In mid-August, reported the BBC, scientists from Cambridge University developed a robotic system that meant a robot could “build other robots, each one better than the previous(以前的) generation”.

The BBC noted that “those concerned about machines taking over the world shouldn’t worry”.

However, over 1,000 scientists and numerous artificial intelligence (AI, 人工智能) researchers－including UK astrophysicist Stephen Hawking and Apple cofounder Steve Wozniak of the US-brought the danger of fully autonomous weapons(自主武器), known as “killer robots”, to our attention earlier this summer.

“If any major military(军事的) power pushes ahead with AI weapon development, a global arms race is inevitable(不可避免的),” warned an open letter released at the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence held in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Unlike drones(无人机), which need a human hand, this kind of robot would have some decision-making abilities and the ability to act by itself. While what the BBC called these “solders that never sleep” could help reduce battlefield deaths, they might also make countries more likely to go into battle, which would lead to more deaths overall, noted the scientists. The risks, they said, could be far greater than those posed by nuclear weapons.

Scientists called for a “ban on offensive(攻击性的) autonomous weapons beyond meaningful human control”, reported The Huffington Post.

In fact, in an interview with the BBC in 2014, Hawking warned that the “development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race”.

And according to the BBC, many leading thinkers have been thinking about the AI-powered killing machine of the not-too-distant future. “Killer robots could be here within years, not decades,” as Stuart Russell, professor of computer science at UC Berkeley, US, put it.

Authorities are gradually waking up to the risk of robot wars. Last May, for the first time, the United Nations brought governments together to begin talks on so-called killer robots in a hope of stopping such weapons while there is still time.

Meanwhile, there are scientists who are less worried. They believe all technologies have potential(潜力) for being used for good and evil ends, and argue that the ban called for by the open letter could close the door to developing AI technology that could save lives. “Technology can clearly do better than human beings in many cases,” Ronald Arkin, dean at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, US, told The Christian Science Monitor. “If we are willing to turn over some of our decision making to these machines, we may actually get better outcomes.”

1.What does Steve Wozniak think the future robot technology might produce?

A. Artificial Intelligence. B. Autonomous weapons.

C. Soldiers that never sleep. D. Killing machines.

2.The underlined word “spell” in Paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to “______”.

A. cause B. prevent

C. reach D. change

3.What does Stuart Russell mean by saying “killer robots could be here within years, not decades.”?

A. Killer robots will visit UC Berkeley, US sooner than expected.

B. Killer robots will be produced and used sooner than expected.

C. Killer robots will speed up the development of AI in the near future.

D. Killer robots will kill these scientists in the near future.

4.What is the main idea of the text?

A. More and more of humans’ tasks are being taken over by robots.

B. Robots have decision-making abilities and the ability to act by itself.

C. Scientists called for a ban on the development of robot technology.

D. All technologies have potential for being used for good and evil ends.

One day, a train was approaching the small town of Cheekyville. On the train was a_______ guy with a big suitcase. He was called William Warbler and he looked very _______indeed. But what made him most unusual was the fact that whenever he needed to_______ he did it by singing opera. It didn’t matter to William whether it was simply a matter of answering a brief greeting, like “good day”. He would ________“Goood dayyy to youuuuuu..... toooooo!”

No one could get a normal,________word out of him. And, as no one knew how he made his living and he lived quite simply, always wearing the same old second-hand suit — they often ________ him.

They _______his singing, calling him “crazy”. William had been in Cheekyville for some years, when, one day, a rumor(谣言) _________round the town: William had ________ a role in a very important opera in the nation’s capital, and there were posters everywhere ________ the event was a great ________. And to everyone’s surprise in Cheekyville---when William was being _______by reporters, he answered their questions by speaking ________singing. And he did it with good____________ and with a clear and pleasant voice.

From that day, William gave up singing _________. Now he did only during his stage appearances and world tours. Some people suspected ________he had changed, but others still had no idea, and continued believing him to be somewhat mad. They wouldn’t have thought so_________ they had seen what William kept in his big suitcase. It was a large stone with a hand-carved message on it. It said “Practice every second, for you never know when your _______will come.”

Little did people know that rather _______he got the role in the opera because the________had heard William singing while out buying a newspaper.

1.A. strange B. handsome C. funny D. sensitive

2.A. strong B. special C. common D. anxious

3.A. debate B. practice C. sing D. communicate

4.A. shout B. respond C. repeat D. tease

5.A. singing B. spoken C. written D. printed

6.A. disrespected B. loved C. appreciated D. disturbed

7.A. made fun of B. got addicted to C. took pride in D. made sense of

8.A. developed B. reflected C. spread D. expressed

9.A. refused B. ruined C. created D. got

10.A. confirming B. advertising C. approving D. assessing

11.A. benefit B. discovery C. success D. experience

12.A. opposed B. blamed C. interviewed D. welcomed

13.A. other than B. rather than C. more than D. less than

14.A. service B. remarks C. signs D. manners

15.A. at all hours B. at all points C. at certain time D. at times

16.A. how B. why C. that D. where

17.A. while B. because C. if D. since

18.A. chance B. money C. inspiration D. wisdom

19.A. carefully B. quickly C. naturally D. accidentally

20.A. director B. writer C. actress D. teacher

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