题目内容

 

A. limit          B. impose             C. based               D. traditionally       E. relevant

F. annually     G. phrase              H. marketing         I. calendar            J. introduced

The Academy Awards, affectionately known as the Oscars, are the oldest, best known, most influential and famous of film awards. The awards have been presented   41   (the first awards ceremony was held in May of 1929) by a non-profit professional organization ― the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS),   42   in Beverly Hills, California, and founded in 1927. Ever since 1941, when the now-famous confidential (机密的) envelope system was   43  , marking the first year of complete secrecy, “the Envelope Please” has become a familiar   44that calls up the thought of the Academy Awards ceremony.

Except for the early years of the institution, the awards honored films made during the previous 12-month   45   year. Until 1954, the Oscars were presented mostly on a Thursday evening. From 1955 to 1958, they were presented on a Wednesday. From 1959 until 1998 the Oscars were, with a few exceptions, presented on a Monday night. Only since 1999 has the Awards ceremony taken place on a Sunday (  46   in March). In 2004, the ceremony was moved even earlier to improve ratings and to be more   47   to the awards “season”.

The establishment of the Academy (and its awards system) has had a major effect and influence upon the film industry. The Academy has, with limited success, tried to   48   the influences of promotion, box office gross receipts, and studio public relations and   49   on voting results.

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Everyone agrees that it’s necessary to reduce carbon emissions (排放物) around the world. There is less agreement over exactly how nations should go about achieving a more carbon - free planet. Thus, the environmental equivalent: cap – and – trade carbon emissions, or place a carbon tax on all users?

With cap – and – trade programs, governments limit the level of carbon produced by an industry. Companies that hold their emissions below the cap can sell their remaining allowance on a carbon market, while companies that go beyond their limit must purchase credits on that market. Carbon taxes are more straightforward: a set tax rate is placed on the consumption of carbon with the idea that raising the price will encourage industries and individuals to consume less. At the moment, cap – and – trade has the upper hand, but doesn’t defeat the tax just yet.

Supporters of the tax argue that a cap – and – trade system would be too difficult to administer – and too easily gamed by industries looking to sidestep emissions caps. Cap – and – trade advocates contradict that like all other flat taxes, a carbon collection would relatively burden lower – income families, who spend a greater percentage of their income on energy than rich households.

So which system will have a larger effect on carbon consumption? A 10% carbon tax might reduce the demand for carbon about 5 % or less, according to an analysis by the Carbon Tax Center, an environmental advocacy group. That may not be enough. Businesses and governments haven’t figured out how the two competing systems can work together, but in the end, the world may need both.

1. The passage focuses on_________.

      A. programs of collecting taxes

   B. systems of reducing carbon emissions

      C. reasons for reducing carbon emissions

   D. contradictions between the two systems

2. According to the cap – and – trade program, companies_________ .

       A. are forbidden to produce carbon emissions

       B. are allocated the same amount of carbon consumption

       C. can sell their remaining allowance within their limits

       D. can sell the extra amount of carbon at a higher price

3. Carbon taxes work by _________.

       A. burdening well – off families

       B. encouraging industries to consume carbon

       C. raising the price for carbon consumption

       D. limiting the carbon consumption of industries only

4. The underlined word “cap” in the second paragraph most likely refers to_________.

       A. limit                  B. credit                C. level                  D. rate

5. We can learn from the passage_________ .

       A. carbon taxes are difficult to carry out

       B. cap – and – trade plays a greater role at present

       C. cap – and – trade will be preferable in the future

       D. carbon taxes will be preferable in the future

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