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Many of us still tend to think that emotions can affect reasonable thought，and sometimes land us in trouble. But in recent years psychologists have taken quite a different view. Keith Oatley，Professor of Psychology at Glasgow University，is involved in the research which shows the fundamental importance of emotions.

He believes we are very ambivalent about them：we think of our emotions as being unreasonable，but we also consider them as essential to being human. For example，Mr. Spock，a character in the television series Star Trek，is super?intelligent and he has no emotions at all. However，he is never made captain of the spaceship. Maybe，this is because Mr Spock is not the kind of person you can share your feelings with—a person who shows his emotions.

As Professor Oatley points out，our emotions have very important functions，for example，fear. If we cross the road and a car approaches，we usually stop moving or step back. We stop what we are doing，check what we have done and pay very careful attention to the environment. The emotion of fear makes us take this small series of actions which,on average, help protect our safety.

On the other hand，if things are going well and small problems come up，we find we can solve them with the resources we have to hand. As a consequence, we tend to feel happy and usually continue doing the job.

Anger is an emotion that tends to occur when someone is preventing us from doing something. Then this small “kit” of reactions enables us to prepare ourselves to be quite aggressive to that person，or to try harder，and so on.

Professor Oatley believes emotions generally occur at these important moments in actions. With fear and anger our emotions make us decide to start doing something else, while with happiness they “suggest” we continue what we are already doing.

1.What’s Keith Oatley’s opinion about emotions?

A．They affect reasonable thought.

B．They get us into trouble.

C．They are helpful to us.

D．They are reasonable.

2.What does the underlined part “we are very ambivalent about them” in Paragraph 2 mean?

A．We have contradictory feelings towards emotions.

B．We have similar ideas of emotions.

C．We are quite clear about emotions.

D．We can do nothing about emotions.

3.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?

A．Fear helps us to be careful about our surroundings.

B．Happiness inspires us to continue what we are doing.

C．Anger may urge us to make greater efforts.

D．Anger tends to do us more harm than good.

4.It can be inferred from the passage that________.

A．we must control our emotions in daily life

B．emotions play a more important part than we realize

C．positive emotions such as love and joy are good for us

D．negative emotions make us continue what we are doing

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“The really big concern over the last decade,” according to Dr. David Whitehead, “is the relative loss of opportunities for children to engage in child-led play.” That's true. One of the exhausting aspects of modern parenting is that everything, even doing nothing, has to be purposeful. Now that “parenting” has become a verb — a state of doing, rather than simply being — it can fed unnatural to leave your children to their own devices. Yet it creates spaces in which good things can happen. The psychology lecturer is responding to a survey showing that 80 percent of parents of small children feel under pressure to fill their days with “structured” activities. This, says Dr. Whitehead, is a mistake. Leaving your children to play on their own or with their peers enables them to develop “self-regulation abilities”, which in turn leads to better academic achievement.

One afternoon last autumn, sitting on a bench doing no parenting at all, I suddenly felt I was getting the hang of it.

That afternoon, my sister and I took our children to the park. We had lots to talk about, so we sat down on a bench and drove the children away. After briefly complaining, the cousins wandered off and started jumping into puddles (水洼).

They jumped and jumped, and then one of them kicked some muddy water at the others. My sister and I, deep in conversation, didn't notice this. So my nephew became more adventurous. He scooped up a handful of mud and threw it on my son's head. My son caught his breath happily, wiped the mud out of his eyes, and threw one back. My nephew, who has a talent for naming things, puffed out his tiny chest and roared: “Let's play Muddikins!”

The rules of Muddikins are simple. You run around throwing mud at each other until everyone is so thickly coated that you can no longer be sure which child is whose. Nothing is learnt from it; nobody is improved. It is pure fun, of the sort that can only happen when parents drop the reins (缰绳). They did it. “ Whoa, that's so cool,” said one. “I wish my mum was like you.”

1.What is stressed in Paragraph 1?

A. Child-led play matters in the development of children.

B. Parents' concern over their children is unnecessary.

C. Children's activities should be well organized.

D. Parenting is everything in a family.

2.What does the author think of the behavior of the children in the puddles?

A. Amazing. B. Troublesome.

C. Adventurous. D. Worthwhile.

3.By saying “They did it” in the last paragraph, the author means that ______.

A. The reins were dropped.

B. She failed to distinguish her child.

C. The children learned from the Muddikins.

D. She confirmed Dr. David Whitehead's theory.

4.The text is mainly about the relationship between _____.

A. parents and children

B. individual and group

C. play and acquisition

D. theory and practice

Are you single or married? Are you a cat or a dog owner? Do you exercise, or are you a “couch potato” (a person who sits on the sofa all day watching TV, eating and basically doing nothing)? These questions and many others are about your lifestyle．

People in the United States feel that they can choose their lifestyles and even shape their own identities．The great variety of lifestyles leads to constant national discussion of choices that people make．This freedom of choice is fun and exciting, but it also creates stress and uncertainty．In newspapers, lifestyle issues are discussed in the features or style section．In The Chicago Tribune this section is called “Tempo”．People turn to this section for lively discussion on lifestyle choices they face with regard to their personal identities, their families, and their social lives．

Many American people believe that they can make their lives happy and satisfying despite their problems．If they lack confidence or tend to feel anxious, shy, angry, or depressed, they believe that they can change themselves．Self-help books, magazines, and feature articles are filled with advice from experts about steps to take to become a happier or more satisfied person and to improve one’s self-respect．Part of this research for self-improvement is a belief that even one’s own appearance can be controlled．This is why there are so many articles in the newspaper about looking young, wearing the latest fashions, and becoming physically fit．

Lifestyle choices also involve moral and social issues．How should children be raised? How should people behave on a date? How should elderly people be treated? How can people stay happily married? All these kinds of issues are constantly discussed and are constantly changing．Not only are experts such as psychologists consulted, but stars from the political and entertainment worlds are held up as lifestyle leaders as well．In the newspaper, feature articles called profiles discuss in detail the personal lives or public work of movie stars, authors, artists, and exceptional individuals who are not stars．The lifestyle choices these people make contribute to the public discussion of all the issues that people think about．

A well-known advertising slogan is “Just do it．” In the culture of the United States, people believe that they can take action and become the kind of people they want to be and live the way they want to live．

1.The section “Tempo” in The Chicago Tribune mainly discusses ______．

A． lifestyle choices

B． current affairs

C． experts’ opinions on life

D． how to improve one’s self-respect

2.According to the author, Americans are pretty sure that they can ______．

A． control their own appearance

B． solve all the problems in their life

C． live a happy life in spite of their problems

D． improve their life by following the elders’ advice

3.According to the passage, people’s opinions on moral or social issues can be influenced by ______．

A． their superiors

B． family members

C． friends and colleagues

D． experts and famous people

4.Which is the best title for the passage?

A． Just Do It

B． Make Our Lives Happy

C． Lifestyles in the United States

D． Choosing the Way We Live

--Would you mind me asking you some questions，Sir？

--_________．

A． Sure，please B． My pleasure

C． Yes，please D． Go ahead

根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。

Where would you most like to go on vacation? Paris? London? The Amazon Rainforest? Each of these destinations is attractive. 1.

As a new word, staycation refers to people staying at home during their vacation time, and going sightseeing around their hometown.

Staycations have become really popular recently, as a way of having an enjoyable vacation, without spending too much money. There are shortcomings to every positive thing, however.

2. You also might prevent yourself from enjoying things to the fullest, as the atmosphere

might be the same as any other time.

3. It means you won't be available for work or other activities.

What can you do to make your staycation fun?

1.Go to a nearby town, or to a fancy hotel in your hometown and stay over night. Treat yourself to room service and any other fun things the hotel has to offer.

2. 4. You would have done it on a vacation, right? Treat yourself to this, at least for one day!

3.Throw a small party. Think about the money you are saving by not going away. You will still save money, but have more fun, and you will help other people to have fun too!

4.Go shopping! Window shopping, or the super fun type, where you buy things! You would have bought souvenirs if you had gone on a vacation, so treat yourself during your staycation!

The most important thing to remember is to do things that make you and your family excited! 5.

A. Eat out for every meal!

B. Go on a day trip to a nearby town, or to a beach.

C. But why not remain at home and enjoy a staycation?

E. Most of the time it involves dining out more frequently than usual.

D. If you are on a staycation, you might get calls from work.

F. Make sure you all have fun, and when it is over, you feel refreshed.

G. The trick is to make sure your friends and coworkers know you are on a staycation.

If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness happily，the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead，we are diurnal(白天的) creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.

The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences 一 called light pollution 一 whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design，which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky. III-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels 一 and light rhythms — to which many forms of life, including, ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect or life is affected .

In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark. We’ve grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit night, - dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadow on Earth, is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory almost.

We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further form the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing, Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet(磁铁). The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night, birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings.

Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times righter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint including most other creatures ,we do need darkness .Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as light itself.

Living in a glare of our making,we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night .In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy arching overhead.

1.According to the passage, human being .

A. prefer to live in the darkness

B. are used to living in the day light

C. were curious about the midnight world

D. had to stay at home with the light of the moon

2.What does “it”(Paragraph 1) most probably refer to?

A. The night. B. The moon

C. The sky D. The planet

3.The writer mentions birds and frogs to .

A. provide examples of animal protection

B. show how light pollution affects animals

C. compare the living habits of both species

D. explain why the number of certain species has declined

4.It is implied in the last paragraph that

A. light pollution dose harm to the eyesight of animals

B. light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages

C. human beings cannot go to the outer space

D. human beings should reflect on their position in the universe

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

“BANG!” the door caused a reverberation (回声). It was just standing there, with father standing on one side, and I on the other side.

We were both in great anger. “Never set foot in this house again!” stormed father. With tears welling up in my eyes, I rushed out of the flat and ran along the street.

The street lights were shining, causing rather sad-feeling. I wandered aimlessly.

A young father who held a child in his arms walked past me. I felt as if I saw my childhood from another space: happy and carefree.

But now … I don’t know whether it is because I have grown up or because dad is getting old. We differ in our ways of thinking. He always put his opinions and codes of behavior on me. Whenever I do something wrong, he never admits it. We are just like two people coming from two different worlds. It feels like there is an iron door between us that can never be opened.

I wandered the streets, without a destination in mind. My heart was frozen on this hot summer night. As I walked on there were fewer and fewer people on the streets, until I had only the street lights to keep me company. When I finally reached the high-rise apartment block in which I lived ,I saw that the light was still on.

I thought to myself: “Is father waiting for me, or is he still angry with me?”

In fact, it was nothing. Perhaps, dad was throwing away some of his old stamps. Perhaps he thought they were useless. I never had the courage to tell him that I liked collecting stamps. I can’t stand his outrageous(蛮横的)words: “I can’t throw you away, let alone these old papers?”

All the lights were off except father’s.

Dad was always like this. Maybe he didn’t know how to express himself. After shouting at me, he never showed any mercy or any moments of regret. After an argument he has the habit of creeping up in my sleep and then tucking me underneath the covers.

This was how he always was．He has been a leader for so long that telling everyone else what to do has become his second nature.

The light was still on. “Am I wrong?” I whispered, maybe… With the key in hand, I was as nervous as I had ever been. At last, I decided to open the door. As soon as I opened the door tears ran down my cheeks. I suddenly realized that the iron door that I had imagined between us did not exist at all. Love—it second to none.

1.Decide which is the best order of the following according to what happened in the passage.

a. I opened the door and entered the house.

b. Sadly I ran out into the street.

c. I reached the place where I lived and saw my house still brightly lit.

d. I thought of my father’s kindness towards me.

e. I walked about in the street without any aim.

A. b, e, d, c, a B. b, e, c, d, a

C. b, e, a, c, d D. b, e, c, a, d

2.What made the writer think of his childhood ?

A. The sight of the street lights.

B. The sight of the empty street.

C. The sight of a father with a child in his arms.

D. The sight of light in his own house.

3.Why do you think the father often shouts at his son?

A. perhaps the father is getting older and older.

B. perhaps the son has already grown up.

C. perhaps they never agree with each other.

D. perhaps the father has got used to doing that.

4.What conclusion can you come to after reading the passage?

A. The father treats his son in an unfair way.

B. The father is actually kind to his son.

C. The father is neither kind nor cruel to his son.

D. The father is always finding fault with his son.

Imagine your body is like the house you live in. Every day, your family creates rubbish. The rubbish builds up until it is put out for the weekly garbage collection.

Now, say you put three bags of garbage out, but because one of the collectors was away sick, only two bags are collected. You take the leftover bag inside to be put out again next week. The following week you put on another three bags, plus the leftover bag from last week. But again, only two bags are collected. Imagine this cycle is repeated over the following weeks.

This is a simple description of what happens to your body when your kidneys (肾脏) don’t work efficiently. Your body is not thoroughly emptied of waste products. Other areas of the body such as blood pressure and red blood cell production are affected and the insidious process that may lead to kidney failure begins.

It’s not uncommon for people to lose up to 90% of their kidney function before developing any symptoms. There may be no warning signs. This makes early detection (诊查) difficult.

Kidney’s main job is to remove toxins (毒素) and unwanted water from our blood. Every day our kidneys clean an average of 200 litres of blood. Kidney failure may be a gradual and silent process, going unnoticed because there is no apparent pain.

Research shows that more than 25% of the patients requiring dialysis (透析) do not see a kidney specialist before they have to do so. Some risk factors for kidney disease such as age and genetic make up are out of our control; however, some changes in lifestyle may help prevent kidney damage．Two major risk factors for kidney disease, diabetes (糖尿病) and high blood pressure, have been on the rise over the last few decades．Both conditions are chiefly affected by being overweight and not getting enough exercises, which are the potential risk factors for the kidney disease.

1. The author gives the example of the house we live in to indicate that _______.

A. it’s safe and harmless for our body to keep some waste

B. it’s important for our body to empty the waste in time every day

C. our body will not produce any waste if our kidneys work efficiently

D. it doesn’t matter much if the waste in our body is not emptied in time

2.The underlined word “insidious” in the third paragraph means _______.

A. smooth and safe B. obvious and fast

C. gradual and unnoticed D. long and painful

3.We can infer that when we find some symptoms related to our kidneys, _______.

A. the kidney failure begins

B. the kidneys can still work properly

C. we have lost about 10% of kidney function

D. the kidneys may have been seriously damaged

4. Which of the following helps prevent kidney damage most effectively?

A. Go to see a kidney specialist shortly before dialysis starts.

B. Take enough exercise and make early detection of kidney disease.

C. Try to keep low blood pressure and a stable lifestyle.

D. Go to hospital whenever you find any warning signs.

阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

German doctors have warned that headbanging(随音乐猛烈摇头晃脑) could be bad for you. Headbanging is a dance from heavy metal music. Dancers shake their heads backwards1. _____ forwards, from side to side, very2. _____(quick). Doctors say the dance could lead to brain injury. They once3. _____(treat) a 50-year-old heavy metal fan. His headbanging led to brain damage. The man had no history of head injuries but had been headbanging for many years. The doctors say the risk of brain damage from headbanging 4.____(be) low, so heavy metal fans 5._____ not need to stop doing the dance.

The man had bad headaches 6._____ going to a concert. He had a brain scan at a hospital. Doctors found bleeding inside his brain. He had an7. _____ (operate) to repair the damage. Doctors drilled a hole in his brain 8._____(release) the blood. Two months later, his headaches disappeared. The head doctor said:” We are not against headbanging. The risk of injury is very, very low. If our patient 9._____ (go) to a classical concert, this would not have happened.” He said heavy metal fans should carry on dancing, 10. _____(say):“ Rock’n’roll will never die. Heavy metal fans should rock on.”

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