Mary is digging in the ground for a photo, when along comes John.Seeing that there is no one in sight, John starts to scream.John’s angry mother rushes over and drives Mary away.Once his mum has gone, John helps himself to Mary’s potato.

We’ve all experienced similar annoying tricks when we were young—the brother who stole your ball and then got you into trouble by telling your parents you had hit him.But Mary and John are not humans.They’re African baboons(狒狒).1.

John’s scream and his mother’s attack on Mary could have been a matter of chance, but John was later seen playing the same tricks on others.2.

Studying behavior like this is complicated but scientists discovered apes(猿) clearly showed that they intended to cheat and knew when they themselves had been cheated._3. An ape was annoying him, so he tricked her into going away by pretending he had seen something interesting.When she found nothing, she “walked back, hit me over the head with her hand and ignored me for the rest of the day.”

Another way to decide whether an animal’s behavior is deliberate is to look for actions that are not normal for that animal.A zoo worker describes how an ape dealt with an enemy.“He slowly stole up behind the other ape, walking on tiptoe.When he got close to his enemy, he pushed him violently in the back, then ran indoors.” Wild apes do not normally walk on tiptoe._4.But looking at the many cases of deliberate trickery in apes, it is impossible to explain them all as simple copying.

It seems that trickery does play an important part in ape societies.5._ Studying the intelligence of our closest relative could be the way to understand the development of human intelligence.

A.In most cases the animal probably doesn’t know it is cheating.

B.An amusing example of this comes from a psychologist working in Tanzania.

C.And playing tricks is as much a part of monkey behavior as it is of human behavior.

D.So the psychologists asked his colleagues if they had noticed this kind of trickery.

E.The ability of animals to cheat may be a better measure of their intelligence than their use of tools

F.This use of a third individual to achieve a goal is only one of the many tricks commonly used by baboons.

G.Of course it’s possible that it could have learnt from humans that such behavior works, without understanding why.

It is not easy to find true friends.Even if you’ve connected with someone,how do you really know he is a true friend?And often you will find that someone who you thought you could trust may have let you down.There are ways you can know if a friendship is true and how you can hold onto that friend.

Generally speaking,a true friend is someone who will be there for you no matter what happens.They will stand by you through bad and good times.They will accept you for who you are without trying to change you,and they will be there to help you grow in new ways.

A true friend will keep you secrets for you trust him.They will be honest and be someone you can depend on.They will listen and be someone you can talk things over with,even if they may not have advice to share with you.

However,friendship is a two-way street.To find true friends and keep them,you must in turn be the same as well.Be there for them in their hard times and share the good times with them.Be someone your friends can depend on as well and offer them the same thing they give to you.A friendship will fall apart fast if only one person is giving and putting all the effort.If you are the only one making an effort,be honest and it works.

Actually,there will be barriers in the road but that is the test of true friendship.If it can survive those barriers,it will be stronger and better than ever.Just as St Thomas Aquinas put it,“There is nothing on this earth more prized than friendship.”

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English,You Are So Popular

English is the world language,the language of international communication in many areas of life;trade,air and sea transport,tourism and sport.New ideas in science,technology and medicine happen so quickly that it is impossible and very expensive to translate everything into different languages.____1.If you want to study some subject, you need to know professional words and phrases.

English is used as a first language in countries such as Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand,the USA and many of the countries in the Caribbean.____2.It is a way in which people who have different languages communicate with each other.This is especially true in many parts of Africa and India.

____3.Australian,American or Irish English has another pronunciation or stresses,so sometimes you cannot understand,although you can speak English.The USA has no official national language.English is used like a natural language by all Americans,because it is very simple.The American variety is popular between no?native speakers,too.

English is far more worldwide in its allocation than all other spoken languages.25% to 33% of the people in the world understand and speak English to some degree.And most of them can use English freely.____4.

In 2001,the 189 member countries in the United Nations were asked what language they wished to use for communication with other countries.More than120 chose English,40 selected French,and 20 wanted to use Spanish.____5.However,the percentage of Internet users who are not native English speakers is increasing rapidly,especially in Asia.

A.It has become the most useful language.

B.Therefore,most things are published in English.

C.In other countries it is used as a second language.

D.However,English in all these countries is not the same.

E.English is also the language particularly on the Internet.

F.There are at least 165 languages spoken in the United States.

G.Therefore,it is not surprising that all languages change through time.

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