题目内容
Identifying which jobs put the most stress on American workers is, in itself, a risky business. Everyone knows, for example, that air-traffic controllers have more than their share of white-knuckle day. But stressful jobs are not equally stressful to all people. Some air-traffic controllers thrive on the flying circus. Their secret, says Suzane Ouellette, a psychologist at the City University of New York, is "hardiness", a balance of feeling committed, challenged and in control in the workplace.
Then again, some professions are inarguably tough to take. Doctors, lawyers and police officers routinely top suicide lists. And some jobs are plain dangerous: miners have the highest job-fatality rate in the country. Less extreme but much more widespread are the psychological hazards that result from 10 years of corporate downsizing and having to keep up with the speed and volume of computers. Dr. Rupert. Burtan, a specialist in occupational medicine, says," Many workers have too much dumped on their desks and nor enough time in which to get it all done." That complaint is often made by secretaries, who also make most stressed-out lists.
Jobs that attract idealistic types can sour(使人不愉快的) when the work seems to make little meaningful difference. Besides police officers and lawyers, inner-city teachers and journalists often fall into this category. Doctors, interns and nurses can, too, when the waves of the sick seem endless.
Why the recent wave exhausts basketball coaches? Sports give them tremendous responsibilities but, ultimately, little control. Coaches can only coach; they can't actually run the plays. But if the team loses, they still get fired. Similarly, waiters and waitresses get stiffed on tips if the cook screws up.
But experts say the toughest occupation may still be that of working mom. Many women who are bringing home the bacon are still expected to fry and serve it, too. '' There really are relatively few couples where child care and domestic work are truly shared," says Harriet Lerner, a psychologist at the Menninger Clinic. Even unemployed husbands do no more than 36percent of the housework. Now that's a study in high stress and high shame.
1.The example of air-traffic controllers is given in Para. 1 to show that .
A.it’s not easy to decide which jobs are stressful
B.nobody wants to be an air-traffic controller
C.they can easily succeed in their career
D.their job is the most dangerous one
2.The underlined word “it” in Para. 2 refers to .
A.the working time B.the speed of computers
C.the amount of work D.the size of computers
3.What makes working mothers have the toughest occupation?
A.The housework only. B.The unhappy family life.
C.The full-time job. D.Their double roles.
4.It can be inferred from the passage that .
A.people often lose interest in their jobs
B.people tend to choose wrong professions
C.it is easy to find an ideal job in modern times
D.the ideal jobs can turn stressful as well
ACDD
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You never see him, but they're with you every time you fly. They record where you are going, how fast you're traveling and whether everything on your airplane is functioning normally. Their ability to endure almost any disaster makes them seem like something out of a comic book. They're known as the black box.
When planes fall from the sky, as a Yemeni airliner did on its way to Comoros Islands in the India ocean on June 30, 2009, the black box is the best bet for identifying what went wrong. So when a French submarine (潜水艇) detected the box's homing signal five days later, the discovery marked a huge step toward determining the cause of a tragedy in which 152 passengers were killed.
In 1958, Australian scientist David Warren developed a flight-memory recorder that would track basic information like altitude and direction. That was the first mode for a black box, which became a requirement on all U.S. commercial flights by 1960. Early models often failed to withstand crashes, however, so in 1965 the box was completely redesigned and moved to the rear of the plane – the area least subject to impact – from its original position in the landing wells (起落架舱). The same year, the Federal Aviation Authority required that the boxes, which were never actually black, be painted orange or yellow to aid visibility.
Modern airplanes have two black boxes: a voice recorder, which tracks pilots' conversations, and a flight-data recorder, which monitors fuel levels, engine noises and other operating functions that help investigators reconstruct the aircraft's final moments. Placed in an insulated (隔绝的) case and surrounded by a quarter-inch-thick panels of stainless steel, the boxes can stand massive force and temperatures up to 2,000℉. When submerged, they're also able to emit signals from depths of 20,000 ft. Experts believe the boxes from Air France Flight 447, which crashed near Brazil on June 1,2009, are in water nearly that deep, but statistics say they're still likely to turn up. In the approximately 20 deep-sea crashes over the past 30 years, only one plane's black boxes were never recovered.
【小题1】What does the author say about the black box?
A.It is an indispensable device on an airplane. |
B.The idea for its design comes from a comic book. |
C.Its ability to avoid disasters is incredible. |
D.It ensures the normal functioning of an airplane. |
A.witness | B.experience | C.resist | D.ensure |
A.New materials became available by that time. |
B.Too much space was needed for its installation. |
C.The early models didn't provide the needed data. |
D.The early models often got damaged in the crash. |
A.There is an urgent need for them to be reconstructed. |
B.There is still a good chance of their being recovered. |
C.They have stopped sending homing signals. |
D.They were destroyed somewhere near Brazil. |
You never see him, but they're with you every time you fly. They record where you are going, how fast you're traveling and whether everything on your airplane is functioning normally. Their ability to endure almost any disaster makes them seem like something out of a comic book. They're known as the black box.
When planes fall from the sky, as a Yemeni airliner did on its way to Comoros Islands in the India ocean on June 30, 2009, the black box is the best bet for identifying what went wrong. So when a French submarine (潜水艇) detected the box's homing signal five days later, the discovery marked a huge step toward determining the cause of a tragedy in which 152 passengers were killed.
In 1958, Australian scientist David Warren developed a flight-memory recorder that would track basic information like altitude and direction. That was the first mode for a black box, which became a requirement on all U.S. commercial flights by 1960. Early models often failed to withstand crashes, however, so in 1965 the box was completely redesigned and moved to the rear of the plane – the area least subject to impact – from its original position in the landing wells (起落架舱). The same year, the Federal Aviation Authority required that the boxes, which were never actually black, be painted orange or yellow to aid visibility.
Modern airplanes have two black boxes: a voice recorder, which tracks pilots' conversations, and a flight-data recorder, which monitors fuel levels, engine noises and other operating functions that help investigators reconstruct the aircraft's final moments. Placed in an insulated (隔绝的) case and surrounded by a quarter-inch-thick panels of stainless steel, the boxes can stand massive force and temperatures up to 2,000℉. When submerged, they're also able to emit signals from depths of 20,000 ft. Experts believe the boxes from Air France Flight 447, which crashed near Brazil on June 1,2009, are in water nearly that deep, but statistics say they're still likely to turn up. In the approximately 20 deep-sea crashes over the past 30 years, only one plane's black boxes were never recovered.
【小题1】What does the author say about the black box?
A.It is an indispensable device on an airplane. |
B.The idea for its design comes from a comic book. |
C.Its ability to avoid disasters is incredible. |
D.It ensures the normal functioning of an airplane. |
A.witness | B.experience | C.resist | D.ensure |
A.New materials became available by that time |
B.Too much space was needed for its installation. |
C.The early models didn't provide the needed data. |
D.The early models often got damaged in the crash. |
A.There is an urgent need for them to be reconstructed. |
B.There is still a good chance of their being recovered. |
C.They have stopped sending homing signals. |
D.They were destroyed somewhere near Brazil. |
Plants have family values, too; it seems, with new research suggesting they can recognize close relatives in order to work together.
An ability to tell family from strangers is well known in animals, allowing them to cooperate and share resources, but plants may possess similar social skills, scientists believe.
Susan Dudley and Amanda File of McMaster University in Ontario, Canada, report they have demonstrated for the first time that plants can recognize their kin.
This suggests that plants, though lacking recognition and memory, are capable of complex social interactions.
“Plants have this kind of hidden but complicated social life,” Dudley said.
The study found plants from the same species of beach-dwelling wildflower grew aggressively alongside unrelated neighbors but were less competitive when they shared soil with their families.
Sea rocket, a North American species, showed stronger and healthier root growth when planted in pots with strangers than when raised with relatives from the same maternal(母系的) family, the study found.
This is an example of kin selection, a behavior common in animals in which closely related individuals take a group approach to succeeding in their environment, the researchers said.
Kin selection also applies to competition, because if family members compete less with each other, the group will do better overall. “Everywhere you look, plants are growing right up next to other plants,” Dudley said,“ Usually it’s a case of each plant for itself. But sometimes those plants are related, and there are benefits to not wasting resources on being competitive, and there is not really a cost to not being competitive as long as your neighbor is also not being competitive.”
Learning and memory appear to be important for kin recognition in animals, but this isn’t an option for plants, she noted.
Some researchers speculate(猜测) that plants communicate through their roots, identifying themselves using tiny chemical signatures specific to each plant’s family.
【小题1】What’s the main idea of the message?
A.Studies find plants can recognize, communicate with relatives. |
B.Kin selection is important for plants. |
C.Animals can recognize and memorize their relatives. |
D.Competition asks plants to recognize their relatives. |
A.Animals can recognize and memorize their relatives. |
B.Animals’ social skill is to cooperate and share resources. |
C.Animals’ social skill can recognize close relatives in order to work together. |
D.Animals’ social skill is no use at all. |
A.grow well | B.compete with other kinds of plants |
C.strengthen the relationship among siblings | D.find which one is the best |
A.sea rocket is a South American species |
B.sea rocket grows aggressively alongside unrelated neighbors |
C.sea rocket grows aggressively alongside its siblings |
D.sea rocket is a kind of bush without flowers |
A.Plants communicate by using tiny chemical signatures specific to each plant’s family. |
B.Plants communicate with each other through their roots. |
C.Plants communicate with each other by their leaves. |
D.Plants communicate with each other with their flowers. |