Women work harder than men at university and get better degrees as a result, according to a study carried out at Burnel University. The research , which tracked 200 students over four years, found tha 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

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Women work harder than men at university and get better degrees as a result, according to a study carried out at Burnel University.

The research , which tracked 200 students over four years, found that women con sistently outperformed men in further education even though they had started their courses with almost the same A—level results.

An analysis of the department's results showed that while 65 per cent of female graduates were awarded, only 35 per cent of males did that well.

Girls are known to outperform boys at school, but this research shows the trend continues at university.

Fiona Smith, the senior lecturer at Brunel who led the study, said, “The survey proved a previously held opinion wrong that the educational sex gap is purely a middle school phenomenon . "

It also makes the unfairness for working women in terms of pay .Women work harder at school, harder at university and do better in both, yet still receive less pay.

The survey found that female students were harder working, less likely to miss lectures and more likely to believe their marks reflected their ability than their male competitors. Female students were also more likely to seek and receive support from teachers.

On the contrary , men were more likely than women to miss lectures due to “ laziness " and to believe that playing sport was an important part of university life.

Different from the popular argument that women's success is due to the increased emphasis on coursework, female geographers at Brunel did better in exams than in coursework, the research found.

The study, based on 180 questionnaires and interviews with more than 70 students, concluded that males underachieved because they felt working hard was not “macho”.

Dr Smith said, “Most women feel that getting good grades is the most important

part of university life .They believe they need to work harder in order to be able to compete in the male-controlled environment they will face at work : good grades are viewed as an “ insurance policy " for success .Men ,on the other hand , feel that it's not "macho" to work hard . They tend to put going out and playing sport higher than coursework.

1．The underlined word “It” in the sixth paragraph probably refers to________.

A．the previously held opinion B．a middle school phenomenon

C．the survey D．the educational sex gap

2．The cause of women performing better at university than men is that ______ .

A．female students did better at school before entering university

B．women will not find jobs unless working harder at university

C．women get more help and support from the teachers

D．most female students think good grades at university will benefit them in the future

3．The underlined word "macho" might have the same meaning as _______.

A．proud B．manly C．brave D．strong

4．Which of the following might be the best title of this passage?

A．Women Outperform Men at University.

B．Women Should Receive the Same Pay as Men.

C．Males at University Perform too Badly.

D．Females Do Better at School as Well as at University.

CDBA

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Margaret, married with two small children, has been working for the last seven years as a night cleaner, cleaning offices in a big building.

She trained as a nurse, but had to give it up when her elder child became seriously ill. “I would have liked to go back to it, but the shifts（工作班次） are all wrong for me, as I have to be home to get the children up and off to school.”

So she works as a cleaner instead, from 9 a.m. till 6 a.m. five nights a week for just ￡90, before tax and insurance. “It’s better than it was last year, but I still think that people who work ‘unsocial hours’ should get a bit extra.”

The hours she’ s chosen to work meant that she sees plenty of the children, but very little of her husband. However, she doesn’t think that puts any pressure on their relationship.

Her work isn’t physically very hard, but it’s not exactly pleasant, either. “I do get angry with people who leave their offices like a place for raising pigs. If they realized people like me have to do it, perhaps they’d be a bit more careful.”

The fact that she’s working all night doesn’t worry Margaret at all. Unlike some dark buildings at night, the building where she works is fully lit, and the women work in groups of three. “Since I’ve got to be here, I try to enjoy myself——and I usually do, because of the other girls. We all have a good laugh, so the time never drags.”

Another challenge Margaret has to face is the reaction of other people when she tells them what she does for a living. “They think you’re a cleaner because you don’t know how to read and write,” said Margaret. “I used to think what my parents would say if they knew what I’d been doing, but I don’t think that way any more. I don’t dislike the work though I can’t say I’m mad about it.”

Margaret quit her job as a nurse because _______

A. she wanted to earn more money to support her family

B. she had suffered a lot of mental pressure

C. she needed the right time to look after her children

D. she felt tired of taking care of patients

Margaret gets angry with people who work in the office because Margaret _______.

A. they never clean their offices

B. they look down upon cleaners

C. they never do their work carefully

D. they always make a mess in their offices

When at work, Margaret feels _______.

A. light-hearted because of her fellow workers

B. happy because the building is fully lit

C. tired because of the heavy workload

D. bored because time passed slowly

The underlined part in the last paragraph implies that Margaret’s parents would _______．

A. help care for her children

B. regret what they had said

C. show sympathy for her

D. feel disappointed in her

Brazil has become one. of the developing world’s great successes at reducing population growth but more by accident than design. While countries such as India have made joint ef??forts to reduce birth rates, Brazil had better results without re??ally trying, says George Martine at Harvard.

Brazil’s population growth rate dropped from 2. 99% a year between 1951 and 1960 to 1. 93% a year between 198 land 1990, and Brazilian women now have only 2. 7 chil??dren on average. Martine says this figure may have fallen still further since 1990, an achievement that makes it the envy of many other Third World countries.

Martine puts it down to, among other things, soap operas (肥皂剧) and installment (分期付款) plans introduced in the 1970s. Both played an important, although indirect, role in low??ering the birth rate. Brazil is one of the world’s biggest produc??ers of soap operas. Globo, Brazil’s most popular television net??work, shows three hours of soaps six nights a week, while three others show at least one hour a night. Most soaps are based on wealthy characters living the high life in big cities.

Although they have never really tried to work in a mes??sage towards the problems of reproduction, they describe mid??dle and upper class values: not many children, women work??ing, says Martine. They sent this image to all parts of Brazil and made people conscious (有意识的) of other patterns of behaviour and other values, which were put into a very attrac??tive package.

Meanwhile, the installment plans tried to encourage the poor to become consumers. " This led to an enormous change in consumption (消费) patterns and consumption was incom??patible (不相容的) with unlimited reproduction," says Mar??tine.

according to the passage, Brazil has lowered its population growth ________.

A. by educating its citizens B. by careful family planning

C. by developing TV programmes D. by chance

according to the passage, many Third World countries

A. haven’t given much attention to birth control

B. would soon join Brazil in controlling their birth rate

C. haven’t yet found an effective measure to control their population

D. haven’t realized the importance of TV plays in family planning

Soap operas have helped in lowering Brazil’s birth rate be??cause ________.

A. they keep people sitting long hours watching TV

B. they have gradually changed people’s way of life

C. people are drawn to their attractive package

D. they popularize birth control measures

What is Martine’s conclusion about Brazil’s population growth?

A. The increase in birth rate will increase consumption.

B. The desire for consumption helps to reduce birth rate.

C. Consumption goes with reproduction.

D. A country ‘s production is limited by its population growth.

WASHINGTON-Laura Straub is a very worried woman. Her job is to find families for foreign teenagers who expect to live with American families in the summer.?

It's not easy, even desperated.?

“We have many children left to place:40 out of 75,”said Straub, who works for a Paris based foreign exchange programme called LEC. ?

When exchange programmes started 50 years ago, more families were willing to help others. For one thing, more mothers stayed home.?

But now, increasing numbers of women work outside the home. Exchange student programmes have struggled in recent years to sign up host families for the 30 000 teenagers who come from abroad every year to have some courses for one year in the United States, as well as the thousands more who take part in summer programmes.

School systems in many parts of the US, unhappy about accepting non-taxpaying students, have also strictly limited the number of exchange students they accept. At the same time, the idea of hosting foreign students is becoming less exotic(异国情调的).?

In searching for host families, who usually receive no pay, exchange programmes are increasingly broadening their requests to include everyone from young couples to the retired.

“We are open to many different types of families,”said Vickie Weiner, eastern regional director for ASSE, a 25-year-old programme that sends about 30 000 teenagers on one?year exchange programmes worldwide.?

“For elderly people, exchange students keep up young—they really do,”said Jean Foster, who is hosting 16-year-old Nina Porst from Denmark.?

Foreign teenagers come to American families with the purpose of _______.

A. finding their parents in America B. finding good jobs in America?

C. learning the culture of America D. enjoying the life of America

In the past, Straub's job was easy, because American families _______.?

A. needed more money to live B. had fewer children to support?

C. had spare rooms to rent D. were not as busy as now

To deal with the problems in recent years, Straub and her workmates have to _______.

A. ask different kinds of families for help

B. limit the number of the exchange students?

C. borrow much money to pay for the costs

D. force some families to accept students

From the last paragraph we can conclude that _______.

A. exchange students are welcome in America?

B. exchange students must pay much money to the host families?

C. American students don't want to join the exchange programmes?

D. old Americans can benefit from hosting exchange students

请认真阅读下列短文，并在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。每空一词。

In the United States, engineering is a profession that has been dominated historically by men． Even today, it’s still true that few women become civil or chemical or mechanical engineers, but that’s something www．EngineerGirl．org aims to change． Young women who visit the web site can find out about a great career choice they might not have considered．

“Women are very much underrepresented in engineering and in engineering education programs and then of course, down the road, in the engineering workforce． So only about 20 percent of engineering undergraduate degrees go to women, and then only about nine percent of working engineers are women．”

Mary Mattis in the National Academy of Engineering, says the EngineerGirl website aims to reach young women around ages 11 through 14, when they are just getting old enough to start thinking about their futures．

“We know from the research that middle-school girls are at a critical point in their lives, and that it’s a time when we need to reach them, both with an understanding, increasing their awareness of interesting fields in engineering, what a wonderful productive and exciting career you can have as an engineer． But we also need to reach them at that time because you have to take certain courses, and you can’t start thinking about taking those courses when you’re a junior in high school．”

Engineering is a demanding course of study ---there is a lot of science and mathematics, for many girls and even boys, that can be challenging． But Ms． Mattis says that the EngineerGirl website stresses that engineering can also be fun and exciting．

“It’s about designing things． It’s about changing the world for people． It’s about making a difference． And, in addition, you can make a good living, you can be independent economically by becoming an engineer． All of those things are messages that girls need to get．”

While most engineers go into traditional fields such as mechanical and electrical engineering, the EngineerGirl site also highlights unusual engineering careers in fields such as sports engineering and --- believe it or not --- chocolate engineering．

Even if you are not a girl in the target age group, there’s a lot of interesting information on the site, including biographies of some notable women engineers．

Title	Website（71）______ Girls to learn Engineering
Present （72）_____ for the engineering profession in the USA	The majority of men take up the profession throughout（73） ______, while only a small number of women work as engineers．
（74）_____ of the website	To make young women （75）_____ of interesting fields in engineering and what productivity and（76）_____ the career of being engineers can bring them．
（77）_____ of being engineers	* It can be fun and exciting． * It can（78）_____ the world for people． * You can make a good living． * You can gain economic（79）_____ by becoming an engineer．
Other fields concerning engineering	Various opportunities are talked about like bio-engineering and engineering （80） _____ to sports, and even chocolate．

请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。

注意：每个空格只填1个单词。

In the United States, engineering is a profession that has been dominated historically by men. Even today, it’s still true that few women become civil or chemical or mechanical engineers, but that’s something www.EngineerGirl.org aims to change. Young women who visit the web site can find out about a great career choice they might not have considered.

“Women are very much underrepresented in engineering and in engineering education programs and then of course, down the road, in the engineering workforce. So only about 20 percent of engineering undergraduate degrees go to women, and then only about nine percent of working engineers are women.”

Mary Mattis in the National Academy of Engineering says the EngineerGirl website aims to reach young women around ages 11 through 14, when they are just getting old enough to start thinking about their futures.

“We know from the research that middle-school girls are at a critical point in their lives, and that it’s a time when we need to reach them, both with an understanding, increasing their awareness of interesting fields in engineering, what a wonderful productive and exciting career you can have as an engineer. But we also need to reach them at that time because you have to take certain courses, and you can’t start thinking about taking those courses when you’re a junior in high school.”

Engineering is a demanding course of study — there is a lot of science and mathematics, for many girls and even boys, that can be challenging. But Ms. Mattis says that the EngineerGirl website stresses that engineering can also be fun and exciting.

“It’s about designing things. It’s about changing the world for people. It’s about making a difference. And, in addition, you can make a good living; you can be independent economically by becoming an engineer. All of those things are messages that girls need to get.”

“There’s a section called ‘why be an engineer,’ and that talks about the many opportunities and increasingly different opportunities like with bio-engineering and environmental engineering, some fields that might appeal to girls who want to make a difference or have a meaning for their careers beyond earning an income.”Even if you are not a girl in the target age group, there’s a lot of interesting information on the site, including biographies of some notable women engineers.

Title	Website（1） Girls to learn Engineering
Present（2） for the engineering profession in the USA	The majority of men take up the profession throughout（3） , while only a small number of women work as engineers.
（4） of the website	To make young women（5） of interesting fields in engineering and what productivity and（6） the career of being engineers can bring them.
（7） of being engineers	* It can be fun and exciting. * It can（8） the world for people. * You can make a good living. * You can gain economic（9） by becoming an engineer.
Other fields concerning engineering	Various opportunities are talked about like bio-engineering and engineering（10） to sports, and even chocolate.

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