题目内容

Decision-making under Stress
A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (负面的) consequences of a decision.
The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.
“Stress affects how people learn,” says Professor Mara Mather. “People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress.”
For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像) with either rewards or punishments. In one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water. In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn’t gone through the stress.
This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress –at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind. But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect. Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also easily recalled.
The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women. While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress, their responses to risk turn out to be different.
Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way. In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win.
This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.
【小题1】We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend to ______.

A.keep rewards better in their memory
B.recall consequences more effortlessly
C.make risky decisions more frequently
D.learn a subject more effectively
【小题2】According to the research, stress affects people most probably in their ______.
A.ways of making choicesB.preference for pleasure
C.tolerance of punishmentsD.responses to suggestions
【小题3】The research has proved that in a stressful situation, ______.
A.women find it easier to fall into certain habits
B.men have a greater tendency to slow down
C.women focus more on outcomes
D.men are more likely to take risks


【小题1】A
【小题2】A
【小题3】D

解析【小题1】A 细节题。根据第一段中,acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative consequences of a decision,可知压力下的人们经常会keep rewards better in their memory.
【小题2】A 第二段中,The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.
【小题3】D 第七段中,Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way.可以看出是男性在压力下更容易冒险。
考点:考查社会文化类短文阅读
点评:这一类文章要抓段落大意,抓要点,搞清每一段的段落大意,在根据题目进行合理的推理,如66等。

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相关题目

The impression you make at the beginning of an interview is very important. Employers often decide to hire someone in the first three minutes of the interview. They judge you by your appearance,attitude(态度)and manners.

A friendly smile when you walk into the room is important. A smile shows a confident(自信的) and positive attitude.

When you introduce yourself, make eye contact with the interviewer. Some interviewers offer a handshake. Others don’t.

Try to be as natural as possible. But pay attention to your body language. The way you sit,walk,gesture,use your voice and show feelings on your face is all part of your body language. It makes the interviewer know how you feel about yourself and the situation you are in. Are you feeling positively about yourself?  Your abilities?  Your interest in the job?

Speak clearly and loudly enough. Show interest and enthusiasm in your voice. When you speak, look at the interviewer. Also, don’t say negative things about yourself, or former employer.

Listen to questions carefully. If you don’t understand a question, ask the interviewer to repeat or explain:

“I’m sorry, but I didn’t catch that.”

“I’m not sure exactly what you mean.”

Almost everyone is nervous in a job interview. Interviewers know that. They don’t expect you to be totally calm and relaxed. But they expect you to try to control your nervousness. They expect you to show confidence in your ability to do the job.

At the end of the interview, thank the interviewer for her or his time.

    It’s a good idea to send a short thank-you letter right after the interview, or deliver it by hand.

Phone the company if you have not heard anything after one week. Ask if they have made a decision about the job.

    Good luck!

It can be inferred from the passage that __ ____.

  A. you should always put on a smile when meeting the employer

  B. you should stand still with respect before the employer

  C. the first impression is very important in an interview

  D. employers understand and like employees’ nervousness

Why should we pay attention to our body language?

  A. Because it can help us win the employer’s positive impression.

  B. Because it can help us feel about the employer.

  C. Because it is needed by our employer.

  D. Because we need it to improve our feelings.

The main purpose of the passage is _ _____.

  A. to give you some advice on the art of finding a job

  B. to tell right from wrong about job interviews

  C. to explain why we should do something about an interview

  D. to suggest not being shy in an interview

Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

  A. A Friendly Smile               B. Making a Good Expression

  C. Don’t Be Nervous              D. Sending a Thank-You Letter

The impression you make at the beginning of an interview is very important. Employers often decide to hire someone in the first three minutes of the interview. They judge you by your appearance, attitude (态度) and manners.

A friendly smile when you walk into the room is important. A smile shows a confident (自信的) and positive attitude.

When you introduce yourself, make eyes contact with the interviewer. Some interviewers offer a hand??shake. Others don’t.

Try to be as natural as possible. But pay attention to your body language. The way you sit, walk, gesture, use your voice and show feeling on your face are all parts of your body language. It makes the interviewer know how you feel about yourself and the situation you are in. Are you feeling positive about yourself? Your abilities? Your interest in the job?

Speak clearly and loudly enough. Show interest and enthusiasm in your voice. When you speak, look at the interviewer. Also don’t say negative things about yourself, or former employers.

Listen to questions carefully. If you don’t understand a question, ask the interviewer to repeat or explain.

"I’m sorry, but I didn’t catch that."

"I’m not sure exactly what you mean."

Almost everyone is nervous in a job interview. Interviewers know that. They don’t expect you to be totally calm and relaxed. But they expect you to try to control your nervousness. They expect you to show confidence in your ability to do the job.

At the end of the interview, thank the interviewer for her or him. It’s a good idea to send a short thank-you letter right after the interview, or deliver it by hand.

Phone the company if you have not heard anything after one week. Ask if they have make a decision about the job.

1. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.

A. you should always put on a smile when meeting the employer

B. you should stand still with respect before the employer

C. the first impression is very important in an interview

D. employers understand and like employees’ nervousness

2. Why should we pay attention to our body language?

A. Because it can help us win the employer’s positive impression.

B. Because it can help us feel about the employer.

C. Because it is needed by our employer.

D. Because we need it to improve our feeling.

3. The main purpose of the passage is ________.

A. to give you some advice on the art of finding a job

B. to tell from wrong about job interviews

C. to explain why we should do something about an interview

D. to suggest not being shy in an interview

4. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

A. A Friendly Smilew。   B. Making a Good Impression

C. Don’t Be Nervousw。 D. Sending a Thank-You Letter

Once there was an 11-year-old boy who went fishing with his father in the middle of a New Hampshire lake. On the day before bass(巴斯鱼) season opened, they were fishing early in the evening, catching other fish with worms. Then the boy tied a small silver lure(鱼饵) and put it into the lake. Suddenly he felt that something very big pulling on the lure. His father watched with admiration as the boy skillfully brought the fish beside the bank. Finally he lifted the tired fish from the water. It was the largest one he had ever seen, but it was a bass.
The boy and his father looked at the big fish. The father lit a match and looked at his watch. It was 10 p.m.—two hours before the season opened. He looked at the fish, then at the boy. “You’ll have to put it back, son,” he said.
“Dad!” cried the boy. “There will be other fish,” said his father. “Not as big as this one,” cried the boy. He looked around the lake. No other fishermen or boats were in sight in the moonlight. He looked again at his father.
Even though no one had seen them, nor could anyone ever know what time he had caught the fish, the boy could tell from his father’s voice that the decision couldn’t be changed. He threw the huge bass into the black water. The big fish disappeared. The boy thought that he would never again see such a big fish.
That was 34 years ago. Today the boy is a successful architect in New York City. He often takes his own son and daughters to fish at the same place.
And he was right. He has never again caught such a large fish as the one he got that night long ago. But he does see that same fish ... again and again ... every time he has an ethical (道德的) decision to make. For, as his father had taught him, ethics are simple matters of right and wrong. It is only the practice of ethics that is difficult.
【小题1】What happened when the big fish turned out to be a bass?

A.The boy and his father didn’t know what to do with the big fish.
B.The father lit a match in order to check the time.
C.The boy threw the bass back into the water willingly.
D.They worried other fishermen might discover what they had done.
【小题2】From the text we know that the father _________.
A.didn’t love his son
B.always disagreed with his son
C.disliked the huge fish
D.was firm and stubborn
【小题3】The successful architect went fishing with his children at the same    place because _______.
A.they might catch a big fish there
B.it was a most popular fishing spot
C.he was taught a moral lesson there
D.their children enjoyed fishing there
【小题4】What does the story imply (suggest)?
A.It is easy to say something, but difficult to do.
B.An ethical decision is always easy to make.
C.It’s hard to tell right from wrong sometimes.
D.Fishing can help one to make right decisions.

He was 11 years old and went fishing every chance he got from the dock at his family’s   cabin on an island in the middle of a New Hampshire lake.
   On the day before the bass season opened, he and his father were fishing early in the evening, catching sunfish and perch (鲈鱼)  with worms. Then he tied on a small silver lure(鱼饵) and practiced casting. The lure struck the water and caused colored ripples in the sunset, then silver ripples as the moon rose over the lake.
  When his peapole doubled over, he knew something huge was on the other end. His father watched with admiration as the boy skillfully worked the fish alongside the dock.
  Finally, he very gingerly lifted the exhausted fish from the water. It was the largest one he had ever seen, but it was a bass. The boy and his father looked at the handsome fish, gills playing back and forth in the moonlight. The father lit a match and looked at his watch. It was 10 P.M.-- two hours before the season opened. He looked at the fish, then at the boy.
  “You’ll have to put it back, son,” he said.
  “Dad!” cried the boy.
  “There will be other fish,” said his father.
  “Not as big as this one,” cried the boy.
  He looked around the lake. No other fishermen or boats were anywhere around in the moonlight. He looked again at his father. Even though no one had seen them, nor could anyone ever know what time he caught the fish, the boy could tell by the clarity of his father’s voice that the decision was not negotiable(可协商的). He slowly worked the hook out of the lip of the huge bass and lowered it into the black water.
  The creature swished its powerful body and disappeared. The boy suspected that he would never again see such a great fish.
  That was 34 years ago. Today, the boy is a successful architect in New York City. His father’s cabin is still there on the island in the middle of the lake. He takes his own son and daughters fishing from the same dock.
  And he was right. He has never again caught such a magnificent fish as the one he landed that night long ago. But he does see that same fish-again and again-every time he comes up against a question of ethics (道德规范).
【小题1】 Why did the father ask his son to put the perch back?

A.Because the father disliked the perch.
B.Because the father was afraid of being fined
C.Because the ethics must be obeyed.
D.Because the son was more experienced in fishing than his father.
【小题2】When does the architect (the father’s son) think of that perch put back?
A.When he takes his own and son and daughters fishing from the same dock.
B.When he builds many famous buildings.
C.When he pays a visit to his old father.
D.When he faces some problems about ethics.
【小题3】Which word can not be used to describe the boy’s father?
A.honestB.noble-mindedC.caringD.generous

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