题目内容

Americans are thinking about national education standards recently developed by teachers and other education experts. The National Governors Association (NGA) and the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO) led the effort.

The United States, unlike other nations, has never had the same school standards across the country. What is the reason? Education is not discussed in the Constitution. That document limits the responsibilities of the federal government. Other responsibilities, like education, fall to the individual states.

Local control of education probably was a good idea two hundred years ago. People stayed in the same place and schools knew what students needed to learn. But today, people move to different cities. And some people work at jobs that did not exist even twenty years ago.

Many American educators say that getting a good education should not depend on where you live. They say that some states have lowered their standards in order to increase student scores on tests required by the No Child Left Behind Act.

Kara Schlosser is communications director for the Council of Chief State School Officers. She says the new standards clearly state what a student should be able to do to be successful in college and work.

Forty-eight states have already shown approval for the standards. Two states reject the idea. Critics(批评家) say that working toward the same standards in every state will not guarantee(保证) excellence for all. Some educators in Massachusetts say adopting the proposal will hurt their students because the state standards are even higher. Others say the change will be too costly, requiring new textbooks and different kinds of training for teachers. Still others fear federal interference or control.

Supporters say the standards are goals and do not tell states or teachers how to teach. They also say the federal government is not forcing acceptance. However, approving the standards will help states qualify(合格) for some federal grant money.

1．What would be the best title for the passage?

       A．Local Control of Education Standards out of Date

       B．American National Education Standards under Consideration

       C．Education Standards in Each State – Good or Bad

       D．Acceptance of the New Standards in the United States

2．Why is local control of education no longer a good idea today?

       A．Because local standards are limited.

       B．Because it is required by the federal government.

       C．Because people today moves among states more often than before.

       D．Because America has never has the same school standards thought the country.

3．Some people are against the national education standards because_______.

       A．the standards are higher than those of each state

       B．the are nor yet prepared for the new standards

       C．the standards may prevent some students gaining excellence

       D．they don’t want the federal government to train their teachers

4．If a state agrees to accept the motional standards, it will probably get_______.

      A．more students          B．advice on how to improve teaching

       C．better textbooks             D．money from the federal government

【小题1】B

【小题2】C

【小题3】C

【小题4】D

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Smiling
People smile at times. However, the meaning of a smile in different cultures may be different. Depending on different cultures, smiling can express joy and amusement, but it can also indicate embarrassment（苦恼）. The following examples show this point of view:
In an attempt to be open and friendly, people in the United States smile a lot. Every one smiles at each other, this nonverbal communication shows being friendly in the United States. However，in China, smiling is not only an expression of happiness, but also a way to avoid being embarrassed. Chinese people like smiling when they are embarrassed in order to avoid embarrassment. Smiling is a kind of good will but not sneer（嘲笑）. For example: When a child falls off from a bike, the adults in China may smile, which is a kind of gentle encouragement and may not be a kind of impolite laugh.
When a person from the United States might blush（脸红）with embarrassment or become offensive, a Chinese might blush with smile. To avoid serious misunderstanding, people who engage in intercultural communication should be able to understand the meaning of smiling appropriately. Related to the smile is the laugh. Also, different cultures have different meanings about laugh. For example, Americans can enjoy a very heartfelt belly (腹部) laugh that comes from the deepest emotions. However, most Chinese seldom laugh that way because they are thought to be silly except among close friends.
【小题1】We can use smile to express all of the following feelings except_________,

A．joy and happinessB．amusementC．embarrassmentD．fear
【小题2】People often smile at each other in the United States because_________.
A．they are very happyB．they want to show they are friendly
C．they want to hide their true feelingsD．they want to avoid embarrassment
【小题3】In China, seeing a child falls off a bike, an adult will smile in order to ________.
A．laugh at himB．avoid his own embarrassment
C．avoid embarrassment and encourage the boyD．show his politeness
【小题4】What is mainly talked about in the passage?
A．People smile at times.B．Smiling can express different feelings depending on different cultures.
C．Americans are more open and friendly than Chinese people.
D．The Chinese people often hide their true feelings.


C
John Steinbeck once said, “All Americans believe they are born fishermen. For a man to admit to a distaste in fishing would be like denouncing (公开指责) mother – love or hating moonlight.”
I can’t say that I’m the biggest John Steinbeck fan. Actually, the only thing I can ever remember reading by him was “The pearl” when I was in middle school, but I couldn’t agree more with the man when it comes to fishing. Whether I am on a boat in the middle of the Lay Lake, fishing off the shores of the Florida Keys for tarpon (大海鲢) or catching rainbow trout (红鲭鱼) in the Shoshone River of Wyoming, fishing is my life.
According to the American Sports Fishing Association, the fishing industry brings in more than $ 116 billion per year from fishermen across the country.
Though a beautiful picture to imagine fishing is much more than that. Fishing is a way of life for many people and a way to escape everyday stress. Being a fisherman makes me a member of a wonderful group of people extending to all walks of life. Even President Bush can be found fishing on his farm in Texas with his good friend Roland Martin when the job gets too stressful.
I can remember fishing with my grandfather when I was 5 years old on his boat at Lake Mitchell. Although I didn’t understand what I doing. I did know that my grandfather was happy and that made me happy. Since then I’ve spent the past 16 years on the rivers and lakes of Alabama.
After days of practice, before and after work, I slowly developed an understanding of fishing. My boss. Ric Horst, took me back to the Shoshone, and I managed to bring in a 19 – inch cutthroat trout. Fishing with Ric was a life – changing experience for me. He not only showed my how to fish correctly, but also told me how fishing could be a way to escape your problems.
Since then, prime – time (黄金时间) season seems to take forever to arrive.
Now, with the ending of February and beginning of March in sight, the excitement of heading out Lake Tuscaloosa or Lake Lurleen before classes and catching something has finally returned.
51．What John Steinbeck said in the first paragraph implies that             .
A．Americans are believed to be the offspring (后代) of fishermen
B．it is unthinkable for an American to admit his dislike of fishing
C．all Americans are expert at fishing
D．those who dislike fishing would not love their mother
52．The writer came to understand the real meaning of fishing            .
A．when he was reading “The pearl” by John Steinbeck
B．when he went fishing with his grandfather at Lake Mitchell
C．after he had spent 16 years on the rivers and lakes of Alabama
D．after he went fishing with his boss, Ric Horst on the Shoshone
53．What can be inferred from the text?
A．The author is at most 21 years old.
B．The author regards fishing as a very important part in his life.
C．The author agreed with John Steinbeck the most when he was in middle school.
D．President Bush often goes fishing in public in order to collect idea for his job.
54．According to the author,             .
A．people can get to know VIPs when fishing.
B．people can smooth away all the troubles by fishing
C．Fishing is a way of communication
D．Fishing is a way to make a living for most American people
55．What is the purpose of the writing?
A．To describe the writer’s experience and understanding of fishing.
B．To explain the reason why so many Americans like fishing.
C．To make others understand the industry of fishing.
D．To express his opinions about fishing in different time of the year.


B
Economists usually study markets．Now，two Americans have won the Nobel Prize in economics for not studying markets．They will share almost one and a half million dollars for their analysis of economic governance(治理)．The winners are Elinor Ostrom of Indiana University in Bloomington and Oliver Williamson of the University of California，Berkeley．The prize in economic sciences has gone to 63 men since it was first awarded 40 years ago．Elinor Ostrom is the first woman．And，like other winners over the years，her training is not limited to economics．She is a professor of political science and of public and environmental affairs．
Today，economic theory suggests that good resource management requires ownership，either private or public．If not，the thinking goes，then self-interest will lead to overuse and destruction of shared resources．Ecologist Garrett Hardin described this idea in 1968 as“the tragedy of the commons．”
Elinor Ostrom showed how local decision making can lessen the tragedy．Her research has deepened understanding of how people balance their needs with those of others who depend on the same resources．    
She studied communities like farmers in Southern  California who depended on a common water supply． She documented how people who use resources often develop ways to share them．One example is forest management．She says，“One of the absolutely key，most important variables(变量)as to
whether or not a forest survives and continues is whether local people monitor each other and its use．Not officials，locals．”
Oliver Williamson has studied big companies and found that they often are better than markets at doing complex jobs．Under his theory，businesses act as structures for conflict resolution．
For example，companies that own their suppliers can avoid long-term contracts and disputes over prices．This can make production more efficient and make better use of limited resources．But businesses can also abuse their power．Professor Williamson says the best way to deal with this is not by limiting the size of companies，but through industry regulation．
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said economists need to do more than study markets and prices．The Nobel judges urged more research like the kind they recognized with this year’s award．
60．According to Elinor Ostrom，                ．
A．the tragedy of the commons is caused by local decision
B．private ownership can cause the tragedy of the commons
C．overuse of shared resources can cause the tragedy of the commons
D．it is not the officials but the local people who can do something to avoid the tragedy
61．This year’s Nobel Prize for economics is shared by        ．
A．Elinor Ostrom and Oliver Williamson   B．Elinor Ostrom and Garrett Hardin
C．Oliver Williamson and Garrett Hardin   D．63 economic scientists
62．Professor Williamson proved that long-term contracts and disputes over prices can be
avoided by big companies by                  ．
A．1imiting the size of other companies
B．providing sufficient production
C．sharing resources with their own suppliers
D．setting up their own industry regulation
63．Which of the following can serve as the best title for the passage?
A．Two American Economists Won the Nobel Prize for Studying Markets．
B．Researchers of Economic Governance Won the Nobel Prize for Economics．
C．First Woman to Win the Nobel Prize for Economic Strategies．
D．The Tragedy of the Commons and the Big Businesses．

Making greener choices and encouraging healthy lifestyles can promote your health and benefit the environment．Here are some guidelines to follow:
Choose foods thoughtfully
Americans have never had such a variety or abundance of food to choose from．Besides so many choices, we now hear about our "food print", the amount of land needed to supply one person's nutritional needs for a year．Do we buy cherry tomatoes from Mexico or tomatoes grown locally in a hothouse? Do．we get the Granny Smiths from the fanners' market or the supermarket? Is organic produce healthier for us and the planet?
These are very complex issues that require analysis of many criteria, including the energy used in producing and transporting the food, as well as the type of soil and methods of raising the food．
Despite the complexities, there are some general guidelines you can follow．For instance, eat less meat or eat low on the food chain．Your doctor may have recommended you to restrict your consume red meat because of its too much fat content．Beyond that, there are environmental reasons, too. Raise food animals contributes substantially to climate change because a meat-based diet requires more land, energy and water than a plant - based one．
Drinking plenty of fluids is significant during hot weather or when exercising．But is bottled water the way to go? You may not think so when seeing the true costs．Based on a survey, manufacturing the 30 - plus billion plastic water bottles can produce more than 2．5 million tons of carbon dioxide and use here times the amount of water in the bottle．Adding in transportation, the energy used comes to over 50 million barrels of oil equivalent （等价物）．Consequently, skip the bottled water and drink tap water, both at home and at restaurants．Additionally, bottled water is not necessarily cleaner than tap.
【小题1】In Paragraph 2 the author puts forward three questions mainly _____．

A．to prove Americans have less food to choose from
B．to show us the shopping habits of most Americans
C．to indicate Americans tend to buy food from abroad
D．to remind people to reconsider their food purchase
【小题2】The doctor recommends eating less red meat partly because _____．
A．it contains too much fatB．it costs a lot in transportation
C．it is too low on the food chainD．it isn't related to climate change
【小题3】According to the text, which of the following is true?
A．Americans all prefer to buy cherry tomatoes from Mexico．
B．The plant - based diet is responsible for the climate change．
C．Americans have a variety of food to choose from．
D．Organic produce is the only choice for Americans．
【小题4】Based on the last paragraph, we know that _____．
A．bottled water is cleaner than tap water
B．tap water is economical as well as eco - friendly
C．bottled water is more available than tap water
D．tap water uses one - third the cost of bottled water
【小题5】What is the best subtitle for the last paragraph?
A．Skip bottled water, carry tapB．Drink bottled water
C．Produce plastic water bottlesD．Save water resources

America is a mobile society. Friendships between Americans can be close and real, yet disappear soon if situations change. Neither side feels hurt by this. Both may exchange Christmas greetings for a year or two, perhaps a few letters for a while—then no more. If the same two people meet again by chance, even years later, they pick up the friendship. This can be quite difficult for us Chinese to understand, because friendships between us develop more slowly but then may become lifelong feelings, extending(延伸) sometimes deeply into both families.
Americans are ready to receive us foreigners at their homes, share their holidays, and their home life. They will enjoy welcoming us and be pleased if we accept their hospitality(好客) easily.
Another difficult point for us Chinese to understand Americans is that although they include us warmly in their personal everyday lives, they don’t show their politeness to us if it requires a great deal of time. This is usually the opposite of the practice in our country where we may be generous with our time. Sometimes, we, as hosts, will appear at airports even in the middle of the night to meet a friend. We may take days off to act as guides to our foreign friends. The Americans, however, express their welcome usually at homes, but truly can not manage the time to do a great deal with a visitor outside their daily routine. They will probably expect us to get ourselves from the airport to our own hotel by bus. And they expect that we will phone them from there. Once we arrive at their homes, the welcome will be full, warm and real. We will find ourselves treated hospitably.
For the Americans, it is often considered more friendly to invite a friend to their homes than to go to restaurants, except for purely business matters. So accept their hospitality at home!
【小题1】The writer of this passage must be ________.

A．an AmericanB．a ChineseC．a professorD．a student
【小题2】Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Friendships between Americans usually extend deeply into their families.
B．Friendships between Americans usually last for all their lives.
C．Americans always show their warmth even if they are very busy.
D．Americans will continue their friendships again even after a long break.
【小题3】From the last two paragraphs we can learn that when we arrive in America to visit an American friend, we will probably be ________.
A．warmly welcomed at the airportB．offered a ride to his/her home
C．treated hospitably at his/her homeD．treated to dinner in a restaurant
【小题4】The underlined words “generous with our time” in Paragraph 3 probably mean ________.
A．strict with time B．willing to spend time
C．careful with timeD．serious with time
【小题5】A suitable title for this passage would probably be “________”.  
A．Americans’ and Chinese’s views of friendshipsB．Americans’ hospitality
C．Friendships between ChineseD．Friendships between Americans

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