题目内容

1．The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive"attachment"period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and lead to emotional problems in later life．Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it causes，and many people do believe this．But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion．
Firstly，anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies．For example，in some tribal societies，such as the Ngoni，the father and mother of a child did not bring up their infant alone-far from it．Secondly，common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents，care-takers found children had problems with it．Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out，and even if they were，the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial．
Thirdly，in the last decade，there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care，and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children's development．But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue．
But Bowlby's analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects．The possibility that such care might lead to，say，more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics．Whatever the long-term effects，parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with．Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness．At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time．The matter，then，is far from clear-cut，though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants．
74．The passage primarily argues whetherC．
A．day care should be widely spread
B．the family relationship is different in traditional societies
C．children under three should be sent to nursery schools
D．children over three will stop crying when leaving parents
75．The underlined word"it"in the first paragraph most probably meansA．
A．children's being subjected to day care           
B．the conclusion from Bowlby's work
C．the sensitive"attachment"period                  
D．a child's personality
76．Which of the following statements is NOT against Bowlby's theory？B
A．Day care is safe，otherwise there wouldn't be so many nursery schools．
B．Parents find the immediate effects of early day care difficult to deal with．
C．Many studies show that day care has a positive effect on children's development．
D．Separation from parent for very young children is common in some traditional societies．
77．The writer's attitude towards early day care is thatD．
A．children under three should stay with their parents
B．the effects of early day care on children are exaggerated
C．early day care has positive effects on children's development
D．the issue is controversial and its settlement calls for the use of statistics．

分析 是早点日托还是晚点日托？精神分析学家John Bowlby认为孩子从出生到三岁这段时间是一个敏感的"依恋"期．三岁以下的孩子如与父母分开可能会给孩子的性格造成伤害，进而导致以后的情感问题，但是作者中立地报道了对日托的两种不同看法．

解答 74．答案 C 主旨归纳题 根据The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive"attachment"period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and lead to emotional problems in later life．Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three…可知，孩子从出生到三岁这段时间是一个敏感的"依恋"期．三岁以下的孩子如与父母分开可能会给孩子的性格造成伤害，进而导致以后的情感问题．因此这篇文章主要讨论C．
75．答案 A  词义猜测题  根据Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it causes，and many people do believe this．可知，it 指代上文的children's being subjected to day care，故答案为A
76．答案B  细节理解题  第二段列出了三条论据反对波比的理论．这三条论据分别对应D、A、C．"父母们觉得眼前的后果难以应付"不是反对波比理论的论据．故答案为B
77．答案D  推理判断题 作者中立地报道了对日托的两种不同看法，并指出缺乏统计研究．特别是在第三段的第二句话中提出，日托是否会在15或20年后导致精神病或犯罪只能用统计的方法来研究．故答案为D

点评 阅读理解题主要考查考生对书面语篇的整体领悟能力和接受及处理具体信息的能力．试题的取材，密切联系当前我国和世界经济、科技等方面的变化，有关数据的来源真实可信．因此科普知识类文章是每年的必考题．分析历年的科普类文章我们不难发现以下特点：
1、文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，语法结构简单，用语通俗．
2、文章内容注重科技领域的新发现．内容新颖，从而使文章显得陌生，内容抽象复杂．
3、命题方面注意对具体细节的准确理解和以之为依据的推理判断．
4、以人们的日常行为或饮食健康入手，探讨利弊，诠释过程，阐述概念．

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9．This Saturday night at 8：30，all the lights will be shut off at the Tokyo in Japan．The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin and the Eiffel Tower in Paris are also expected to（16）go dark．So is the Empire State Building in New York and buildings in other cities around the world．
The lights will stay off for one hour for an event called Earth Hour．The observance（17）is organized by a conservation group，the World Wide Fund for Nature，also known as the World Wild Fund．For the fourth year，people are being urged to （18）turn off their lights for one hour to call attention to the issue of climate change．The group says climate change is one of the （19）greatest threatsfacing wildlife and nature．
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12．You are given many opportunities in life to choose to be a victim or creator．When you choose to be a victim，the world is a cold and difficult place．"They"did things to you which caused all of your pain and suffering．"They"are wrong and bad，and life is terrible as long as"they"are around．Or you may blame yourself for all your problems，thus internalizing（内化）your victimization．The truth is，your life is likely to stay that way as long as you feel a need to blame yourself or others．
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41．What does the word"they"in Paragraph 1probably refer to？A
A．People and things around you．
B．Opportunities and problems．
C．Creators and their choices．
D．Victims and their sufferings．
42．According to Paragraph 2，creatorsC．
A．seem willing to experience failures in life      
B．possess the ability to predict future life
C．handle ups and downs of life wisely           
D．have potential to create something new
43．What can we learn from Paragraph 3？B
A．Creators and victims face quite different things in life．
B．Creators and victims are masters of their lives．
C．Victims can influence more people than creators．
D．Compared with victims，creators are more emotional．
44．The examples mentioned in Paragraph 4show thatA．
A．strong attachment to sufferings in life pulls people into victims．
B．people need family support to deal with challengers in life．
C．it takes creators quite a long time to get rid of their pains．
D．one's experiences determine his attitude toward life．
45．What is the author's purpose in writing this passage？D
A．To define victims and creators．
B．To evaluate victims against creators．
C．To explain the rlationship between victims and creators．
D．To suggest the transformation from victims to creators．
9．Getting kids to share their toys is a never-ending battle，and forcing them to do so never seems to help．New research suggests that allowing children to make a choice to sacrifice their own toys in order to share with someone else makes them share more in the future．The new findings are published in Psychological Science．
These experiments were conducted by psychological scientists，Nadia Chernyak and Tamar Kushnir of Cornell University．They found that sharing things with others when they are given a difficult choice leads children to think of themselves as people who like to share．It also makes them more likely to act in a pro-social （亲社会的）manner in the future．
Previous research has explained why rewarding children for sharing can backfire．Children come to think of themselves as people who don't like to share since they had to be rewarded for doing so．Because they don't view themselves as"sharers"they are less likely to share in the future．
Chernyak and Kushnir were interested in finding out whether freely chosen sacrifice might have the opposite effect on kids'willingness to share．To test this，the researchers introduced five-year-old children to Doggie，a sad puppet．Some of the children were given a difficult choice：Share a precious sticker with Doggie，or keep it for themselves．Other children were given an easy choice between sharing and putting the sticker away，while children in a third group were required by the researcher to share．
Later on，all the children were introduced to Ellie，another sad puppet．They were given the option of how many stickers to share （up to three）．The kids who earlier made the difficult choice to help Doggie shared more stickers with Ellie．The children who were initially faced with an easy choice or who were required to give their sticker to Doggie，on the other hand，shared fewer stickers with Ellie．Therefore，children did not benefit from simply giving something up，but rather from willingly choosing to give something up of value．
"You might imagine that making difficult，costly choices is taxing for young children or even that once children share，they don't feel the need to do so again，"Chernyak says．"But this wasn't the case：once children made a difficult decision to give up something for someone else，they were more generous，not less，later on．"Chernyak concludes．
74．Dhelps children to share more in the future．
A．Rewarding children for sharing stickers
B．Requiring children to share their favorite toys
C．Allowing children to share what they don't need
D．Encouraging children to share precious things willingly
75．The underlined word"backfire"meansD．
A．serve as a push                  B．have an opposite effect
C．cause anger                      D．avoid taking things back
76．Those who were required to share give fewer stickers to Ellie becauseA．
A．it's not their own choice           B．they regret what they did
C．Ellie is not as sad as Doggie        D．they like to share with a real person
77．We can conclude from the passage thatC
A．parents will never find a way to get children to share toys
B．a gift should be given to make up for children's sacrifice
C．making difficult choices may influence sharing behavior
D．children pretend to be generous when they are being observed．
16．Many children first learn the value of money by receiving an allowance （pocket money）．The purpose is to let children learn from experiences at an age when financial mistakes are not very costly．
The amount of money that parents give to their children to spend as they wish differs from family to family．Timing is another consideration．Some children get a weekly allowance．Others get a monthly allowance．
     In any case，parents should make clear what，if anything，the child is expected to pay for with the money．At first，young children may spend all of their allowance soon after they receive it．If they do this，they will learn the hard way that spending must be done within a budget （预算）．Parents are usually advised not to offer more money until the next allowance．The object is to show young people that a budget demands a choice between spending and saving．Older children may be responsible enough to save money for larger costs，like clothing or electronics．
   Many people who have written on the subject of allowances say it is not a good idea to pay your child for work around the home．These jobs are a normal part of family life．Paying children to do extra work around the house，however，can be useful．It can even provide an understanding of how a business works．
     Allowances give children a chance to experience the three things they can do with money．They can share it in the form of gifts or giving to a good cause．They can spend it by buying things they want．Or they can save it．
     Saving helps children understand that costly goals require sacrifice．You have to cut costs and plan for the future．Requiring children to save part of their allowances can also open the door to future saving and investing．Many banks offer services to help children and teenagers learn about personal finance．A saving account is an excellent way to learn about the power of compound interest．
     Compounding works by paying interest．So，for example，one dollar invested at two percent interest for two years will earn two cents in the first year．The second year，the money will earn two percent of one dollar and two cents，and so on．That may not seem like a lot，but over time it adds up．
32．Parents give their children allowances in order toC．
A．show off their wealth of family    
B．let them make more money
C．learn the value of money         
D．help children manage family finance
33．What is the second paragraph mainly about？D
A．The time to give allowances
B．The way to spend alloweances．
C．the amount of allowances given to children．
D．Considerations taken to give allowances．
34．Why are parents adivsed to offer yougn children allowances stricktly as planned？A
A．To help children learn to make a budget．
B．To have children save money for larger costs．
C．To let children make fewer mistakes．
D．To give them more allowances next time．
35．What does the author intend to tel lthe readers？C
A．The methods of limiting allowances．
B．The advice on a better family budget．
C．Teaching children to use allowances wisely．
D．Offering allowances to children properly．
6．[1]Do you remember the title of the last book you read？Are names sometimes just beyond your brain's reach？While forgetfulness isn't necessarily a sign that something's wrong，it can be frustrating（令人沮丧的）．But simple methods can help to sharpen your memory．
[2]Challenge your habits．Sometimes a little bit of habit changing goes a long way．For example，use the‘wrong'hand to do an everyday task several times a day．If you usually brush your teeth with your right hand，use your left．The brain‘knows'whew you're using the wrong hand．It's that confusion that stimulates new brain circuits，as the brain struggles to master a new task．
[3]Get involved in niusic．Listening to music can improve your ability to concentrate and help you to remember what you've learnt．Some types of music actually cause brain neurons（神经细胞）to fire more quickly．If you're really looking forward to sharpening your memory，take up a musical instrument．Whatever the instrument，learning to p1ay will tune your brain's ability to analyse and focus．
[41Go out of your way to stay mentally active．What really counts is not the amount of book learning you did at school or university，it's how much you actively use your mind．For example，doing crossword puzzles，learning a second language or playing games can exercise your brain．
[5]．Make sure that you get enough of the B vitamins in your diet．They help to repair brain tissue，and turn food into mental energy．Eat fish 2 or 3 times a week．If you drink coffee，you'll not only get a short-term boost in your ability to concentrate but also long-term benefits as well．Besides，the brain is 85%water，so if you don't drink at least 8 large glasses of water a day，you could suffer from memory loss．

66．What is this text mainly about？（no more than 5 words）Ways/How to sharpen your memory．/Methods of sharpening your memory． 
67．What are the two questions at the beginning used for？（no more than 4 words）
To introduce the topic．/For introducing the topic．
68．How can you get involved in music according to Paragraph 3？（no more than 10 wods）Listening to music and/or taking up a musical instrument．
69．List three ways to use our mind actively．（no more than 10 words）
1）Doing crossword puzzles
2）Learning a second language．
3）Playing games．
70．Fill in the blank in Paragraph 5 with proper words．（no more than 5 words）Watch/Pay attention to your diet．或Get your diet improved．或Have a healthy diet．．
13．Many adults enjoy a cup of coffee to have extra energy on a sleepy morning，and astronauts are  no exception．But having a drink in space isn't as easy as it is on the earth．You have to come up  with a whole new way to drink，and that's what scientists are trying to do．
"The coffee would be very hard to control in a normal cup，"said physics professor Mark Weislogel．"You'd have to shake the cup toward your face and hope that some of the hot liquid floats toward your mouth．When it comes to guessing what liquids will do in new systems，we are often in the dark．"
     Weislogel believes that creating a big zero-gravity cup would help improve the lives of  astronauts in space，so he and other researchers per formed a series of experiments with liquids on the International Space Station （ISS） to see how they move upwards on surfaces in zero gravity．
     In one of the tests，they placed two surfaces very close together to create a very narrow tunnel．They  wanted to see if liquid would easily flow up the tunnel．In another test，the researchers tried to figure out the best angle to place the narrow tunnel at so that the liquids would travel along the corners．
      The end result is a cup that doesn't look like a normal coffee cup at all．One side of the cup has a very sharp angle and，in zero gravity，the liquid naturally"flows"up that angled side of the cup，right up to the drinker's lips．
      The zero-gravity coffee cup is currently being tested on the ISS by astronaut Don Pettit，who worked with the researchers and helped them invent it．"As you sip  （啜饮），more liquid keeps coming，and you can enjoy your coffee in a weightless environment-clear down to the last drop，"said Pettit，who thinks that future humans on Mars will be using this kind of cup to drink during celebrations!
61．We can learn from Paragraph l thatA．
A．astronauts have difficulty drinking Coffee in space
B．coffee drinks in the morning can make astronauts sleepy
C．astronauts drink coffee in the same way as on the earth
D．scientists have made coffee in zero gravity successfully
62．The underlined sentence in Para.2 may mean"C"
A．rooms in the Space Station lack light
B．scientists can't see anything in the dark
C．scientists know little about it
D．coffee can be drunk in the dark
63．What do we know about Weislogel's cup？D
A．It looks like a very narrow tunnel．
B．Each of its sides has a sharp angle．
C．It is the same as the normal cup we are using．
D．The liquid in it will flow to the drinkers itself．
64．According to Pettit，we can learn the coffee cup isA．
A．practical                              B．weightless
C．shapeless                              D．awkward
65．What is the main idea of the passage？B
A．When humans will drink coffee on Mars．
B．How humans will drink coffee in zero gravity．
C．How experiments lead to unexpected patents．
D．When a normal cup can be used in space．
10．Shi Jianfei is a college student at Beijing Information Science and Technology University．He met with an academic problem during the summer vocation but it took him a lot determination to finally approach his professor to solve the problem．To his surprise，the meeting turned out to be quite pleasant．
But only few students turn to their professors to ask for advice in solving problems or discuss academic topics with them．According to an investigation of 2，636college students conducted by MyCOS，a Beijing-based consultancy （咨询公司），more than a third of them contact their，professor less than once a year．
Although most students and teachers are willing to communicate with each other，it seems that an effective communication system is absent．Shi says，"Communication usually takes place in class or between classes，because it's difficult to get in touch with professors at any other time．University professors always look very busy．"
However，from the teachers'perspective，students are too cautious about communicating with professors．"They're worried about asking questions for they think they may leave a bad impression，"says Du Xiguang，professor of chemistry at Northeast Normal University．Du created a QQ group in which students can discuss various issues with him，ranging from academic topics to personal problems．"I find they are very talkative in this group．But if they talk to me in person，they're shy and nervous，"he says．
Wu Qian，22，an English major at Tsinghua University admits that when she meets with  problems she prefers talking to her classmates and upper-classmen．"I think many students are too shy and passive，myself included．I feel more comfortable communicating with my classmates，"she says．
Du also says that the shyness of many students to a change lies in different teaching styles．In primary school，Chinese students get used to talking with their teachers because they're like"nannies"who not only teach，but also watch out for their students'personal development．
"In college，such communication isn't compulsory any more and students aren't pushed to discuss their ideas with professors，"says Du．"The real problem is that students aren't yet ready to engage in adult conversation with professors．Some of them just expect professors to explain facts and help them prepare for exams，like in high school．"

55．What does Paragraph 2talk about？B
A．The reason why the communication is little．
B．The present situation of communication．
C．The background of the phenomenon．
D．The details of the phenomenon．
56．What's the real reason why Shi Jianfei didn't turn to his professor for help immediately meeting with an academic problem？C
A．An effective communication mechanism is absent．
B．It's difficult to get in touch with professor．
C．He is too shy and passive．
D．Communication isn't compulsory any more．
57．The underlined word"nannies"is closest in meaning toA．
A．nurses         B．gardeners         C．friends          D．leaders
58．In which way does the author present the passage？D
A．By giving some dialogues between students and teachers
B．By giving some specific examples of students and teachers
C．By interviewing different students and teachers
D．By listing some facts and opinions of students and teachers．
11．When you leave school，you should tell the head teacher________．（　　）
A．in advanceB．in no wayC．in factD．in return

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