题目内容

9．Millions of pounds'worth of damage ______ by a storm which swept across the north of England last night．（　　）
A．has been causedB．had been caused
C．will be causedD．will have been caused

分析 昨天晚上席卷英格兰北部的暴风雨造成了数百万英镑的损失．

解答 答案是A． 考查被动语态，根据句意损失是由暴风雨引起的，damage与cause之间是被动关系，是从last night到现在"的结果，所以用现在完成时，故答案选A．

点评 被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成．被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变．疑问式和否定式的变化也如此．掌握各种时态的被动语态是解题的关键．

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19．Observational Learning：To See Is to Know
A group of psychologists，led by Albert Bandura，developed social learning theory，which emphasizes the fact that much learning occurs in a social context．This kind of learning，which results simply from observing and imitating the behaviors of others，is called observational learning．Observational learning helps people acquire proper behaviors in their families and cultures：By watching others，we learn how to greet people，eat，laugh and tell jokes．Do you still remember your first few days in senior grade one？By watching others，you learned how people talked to each other，what clothes were"fashionable，"and how to interact with instructors．
The people from whom you learn new behaviors through observing function as models，presenting a behavior to be imitated．With modeling，you observe others'behaviors，and then none，some，or all of these behaviors may be learned and repeated，or modified．In one of Bandura's classic studies，children were divided into three groups：One group watched an adult beating up a Bobo doll，one group watched an adult ignoring the Bobo doll，and the third didn't see an adult at all．After being mildly frustrated by being placed in a room with toys，but not being allowed to play with some of them，all of the children were then placed in another room with a variety of toys，including a Bobo doll．Children in the first group tended to imitate what they had seen，mistreating the doll （and inventing new ways to abuse it） and being aggressive with the other toys in the room．
Researchers have discovered that several characteristics of models can make learning through observation more effective．Not surprisingly，the more you pay attention to the model，the more you learn．You are more likely to pay attention if the model is an expert，is good looking，has high status，or is socially powerful．Second，by watching others，we learn about what behaviors are appropriate for people like ourselves，so models who are seen as similar are more readily imitated．All students need to see successful，capable models who look and sound like them．
Then，as teachers，how can you apply observational learning？Here are a few guidelines．Above all，model the behaviors and attitudes you desire your students to learn．For example，show enthusiasm for the subject you teach．Be willing to demonstrate both the mental and the physical tasks you expect the students to perform．Second，use peers，especially class leaders，as models．For example，in group work，pair students who do well with those who are having difficulties．Third，you may seek the help of class leaders in modeling behaviors．Examples include letting high-status students lead an activity when you need class cooperation or when students are likely to be reluctant at first．
Observational Learning：To See Is to Know
20．The British royal family is about to be slimmed down．The queen plans to reduce the number of real royals，it was recently announced．However，there seems little sign of the monarchy （君主）
disappearing completely．
Up till the 17th century，the British king or queen was believed to rule by"divine （神的）right"，which was the idea that God chose the king or queen to rule and that he or she was therefore above the law．However，this idea ended with the English Revolution，in which King Charles the first was imprisoned and then killed in 1649．
So what role does the British royal family have today？
Well，the Queen has important formal duties：as Head of State，the Queen represents the UK on visits abroad and invites other world leaders to visit the UK．As Head of the Armed Forces，only the Queen can declare when the UK is at war or when war was over．The Queen also has constitutional duties：She has to sign many government and Commonwealth documents every day．
In addition，the royal family spends a great deal of its time traveling up and down the country in support of different charity projects．
But the public in Britain do not believe there should be a royal family．Sometimes，the press and media criticize the royal family as well．
One criticism is that British people should not have to pay for the royal family through their taxes．
Today，the royal family works hard to be relevant in，the modem world．The queen's speech on TV is less formal every Christmas，and is now available as a podcast （播客）．In 2005，after graduation from university，Prince William spent time teaching English in Uruguay，the sort of work many young British people do at some time in their lives．

55．What can be concluded from the first two paragraphs？B
A．The British king or queen is about to become common people．
B．The British king or queen is no longer believed to rule by divine right．
C．The English Revolution put an end to the British royal family in 1649．
D．The royal family's role was most important in Britain in the 17th century．
56．Which of the following is NOT among formal duties of the Queen？A
A．Travelling around the world for charity projects．
B．Declaring when the UK is at war．
C．Inviting other world leaders to visit the UK．
D．Signing Commonwealth documents every day．
57．Prince William is mentioned in the passage to show thatD．
A．he is popular in the UK
B．many young British people do voluntary work
C．he has tried to win young people's admiration
D．the royal family is trying to change their image
58．We can infer from the passage thatC．
A．British people are all in favor of the royal family
B．the public are encouraged to oppose the royal family
C．the British royal family are facing surviving challenges
D．British youths are required to teach English in Uruguay in their lives．
17．Make sure you have checked the information in the passage       you make the choice．（　　）
A．afterB．sinceC．whileD．before
4．Americans are more socially isolated （孤立） than they were 20years ago，separated by work，commuting and the single life，researchers reported．Nearly a quarter of people surveyed said they had"zero"close friends with whom to discuss personal matters，while more than 50percent named two or fewer  confidants，most often immediate family members．'This is a big social change，and it indicates something that's not good for our society，"said Duke University Professor Lynn Smith Lovin，lead author on the study．Smith Lovin's group used data from a national survey of 1，500American adults that has been ongoing since 1972．She said it indicated people had a surprising drop in the number of close friends since 1985．At that time，Americans most commonly said they had three close friends whom they had known for a long time，saw often，and with whom they shared a number of interests．They were almost as likely to name four or five friends，and the relationships often developed from their neighborhoods or communities．Ties to a close network of friends create a social safety net that is good for society，and for the individual．Research has linked social support and civil participation to a longer life．Smith Lovin said．People were not asked why they had fewer close ties，but Smith Levin said that part of the cause could be that Americans are working more，marrying later，having fewer children，and commuting longer distances．It's one thing to know someone and exchange e-mails with them．It's another thing to say，"Will you give me a ride out of town with all of my possessions and pets？And can I stay with you for a couple or three months？"Smith Lovin said．

67．What's the main idea of the passage？C
A．Americans have more close friends than ever．
B．Close friends are very important in Americans'life．
C．Americans'circle of close friends is becoming smaller．
D．Americans love making friends with their neighbors．
68．The underlined word"confidants"can be replaced most probably byB_．
A．familiar people     B．close friends
C．personal matters    D．family members
69．According to Professor Llynn Smith Lovin，D．
A．50per cent of Americans have no close friends
B．Americans develop friendship from communities
C．Americans used to exchange emails with friends
D．a social safety net is good for the individual
70．What's the researchers'attitude towards Americans'present situation in this passage？C
A．Happy．       B．Excited．      C．Worried．     D．Surprised．
14．________ cleaning the yard and making up the beds for the old，we also read newspapers for them and had chats with them．（　　）
A．Except forB．Rather thanC．Apart fromD．Instead of
1．In the last century，more and more women arose ________ their legal rights．（　　）
A．in defence ofB．in honor ofC．in memory ofD．in place of
18．______ the company's increasing third-generation，or 3G，China Unicom Ltd saw new profits．（　　）
A．Rather thanB．As forC．According toD．Thanks to
19．Students mustmakefulluseof（充分利用） every minute to study．

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