题目内容
18.The orangutan (红毛猩猩),the most inactive of the great apes,has unusually stable DNA,too.Researchers have just completed the sequencing (序列) of the entire genome (基因组) of our orange-haired relative,and they have found to their surprise that its DNA has changed much less dramatically over time than has that of humans or chimpanzees."The orangutan is very unique,"says Devin Locke,a structural geneticist heading the orangutan sequencing project.The orangutan genome had one other big surprise.Locke and colleagues sequenced six Sumatran and five Bornean orangutans,which are classified as different species.The apes have been physically separated for at least 21,000years-the last time land bridges between the two islands existed-and earlier studies estimated that they became distinct species more than 1million years ago.But the new analysis,reported online today in Nature,rewrites history:it appears they parted ways just 400,000years ago."Most previous studies used small sets of markers and a limited amount of DNA sequence,"says Locke."The statistical power is so much greater when you have the whole genome available."
The orangutan now joins chimpanzees and humans as the third great ape to have its genome sequenced."The orangutan genome is a wonderful resource,"says evolutionary geneticist Svante P??bo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig,Germany."It will help clarify how each part of human and African ape genomes are related to each other and evolved."
Such insights are already coming in.Orangutans originated some 12million to 16million years ago,giving their genomes much more time to evolve than those of humans and chimpanzees,which split into their own lineages (血统) 5million to 6million years ago.But a comparison of the three genomes shows that humans and chimpanzees lose or gain new genes at twice the rate of orangutans.
The reason may have to do with stretches of DNA called retrotransposons.These key drivers of evolution jump around the genome,creating new genes,damaging existing ones,or altering gene regulation.The new data reveal that common retrotransposons known as Alu elements have moved around the orangutan genome much less than they have in the human and chimpanzee genomes."I don't want to say that‘Alu retrotransposition events'are shut off in orangutans,but they've been covered up,"says Locke.
The researchers also discovered that,over time,the structure of orangutan chromosomes (染色体) has changed little,which may be linked to the Alu element finding.Other researchers have suggested that the strong and healthy structural variation in humans and chimps may have stimulated increased intelligence.But Locke notes that orangutans are also highly intelligent."If orangutans have had very little structural variation,maybe this decouples structural variation from intelligence,"he says.
A separate but related study published today in Genome Research reports yet another unexpected finding from a comparison of the three great ape genomes.A team led by Mikkel H.Schierup and Thomas Mailund of Aarhus University in Denmark (both co-authors of the Nature report) discovered that some regions of the human genome more closely resemble the orangutan than the chimpanzee.This reflects the fact that at the time humans split off from a common ancestor with chimps,both species had the same ancestral orangutan DNA.But humans and chimpanzees have evolved separately for millions of years.In the process,chimps for mysterious reasons lost some orangutan DNA that humans kept possession of.
More surprises are sure to come as researchers compare the genomes of even more apes.Projects to sequence the other two great apes,gorillas and bonobos,are under way.
74.Orangutans from two islands,Sumatran and Bornean,became different species sinceD.
A.at least 21,000years ago
B.over 1million years ago
C.some 12million to 16million years ago
D.400,000years ago
75.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to this passage?B
A.Compared with the DNA of orangutan,chimpanzee's is less changed over time.
B.Only three apes'genomes have been sequenced up to now.
C.Humans'ancestors stepped on their way of evolution 12to 16millions years ago.
D.Chimpanzees gain new genes faster than orangutans do in evolution.
76.The reason of orangutan's little change in DNA is thatB.
A.this species is not as active in intelligence as humans or chimpanzees.
B.the newly identified Alu elements is believed to have played a special role
C.Alu retrotranspositions in orangutan are shut off during the course of evolution
D.orangutan's low intelligence fails to stimulate the change of its DNA
77.Some region of human genome is more similar to that of orangutan than chimp's becauseC.
A.human and orangutan share the same ancestor,but chimp doesn't
B.humans and chimpanzees have evolved separately for millions of years
C.chimps failed to hang on to orangutan DNA for some unknown reason,but human didn't
D.chimps didn't act as actively as humans,resulting in their losing some critical orangutan DNA.
分析 本文属于说明文阅读,作者通过这篇文章主要向我们介绍了具有非常稳定基因的类人猿--红毛猩猩.通过对红毛猩猩基因组排列的研究发现,红毛猩猩的基因结构同人类和黑猩猩有相似,但与人类和黑猩猩相比,它们的基因变化更加缓慢.
解答 74.D.细节理解题.根据文章第二段"But the new analysis,reported online today in Nature,rewrites history:it appears they parted ways just 400,000 years ago."但今天发表在网上的新的分析,改写了历史:它显示了它们在四十万年前就分为两个物种了;故选D.
75.B.推理判断题.根据文章第三段"The orangutan now joins chimpanzees and humans as the third great ape to have its genome sequenced."猩猩现在加入了黑猩猩和人类成为第三大有它的基因组测序的猿类,可推测目前为止有基因组排列的猿类有三种,分别是人类、黑猩猩和红毛猩猩.故选B.
76.B.细节理解题.根据文章第五段"The new data reveal that common retrotransposons known as Alu elements have moved around the orangutan genome much less than they have in the human and chimpanzee genomes."可知由于红毛猩猩体内的Alu elements移动缓慢,导致它与人类和黑猩猩有很大不同,可见Alu element是决定性的因素,故选B.
77.C.细节理解题.根据文章倒数第二段"This reflects the fact that at the time humans split off from a common ancestor with chimps,both species had the same ancestral orangutan DNA.But humans and chimpanzees have evolved separately for millions of years.In the process,chimps for mysterious reasons lost some orangutan DNA that humans kept possession of."可知在进化的过程中由于某种不明原因大猩猩们失去了一些红毛猩猩的DNA,而人类却保留了一些.故选C.
点评 考察学生的细节理解和推理判断能力,做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句,和题干进行比较,再做出正确的选择.在做推理判断题不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实,要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断.
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