题目内容


Plants are flowering faster than scientists predicted(预测)in reaction to climate change, which could have long damaging effects on food chains and ecosystems.
Global warming is having a great effect on hundreds of plant and animal species around the world, changing some living patterns, scientists say.
Increased carbon dioxide(CO2)in the air from burning coal and oil can have an effect on how plants produce oxygen, while higher temperatures and changeable rainfall patterns can change their patterns of growth.
“Predicting species’ reaction to climate change is a major challenge in ecology,” said the researches of several U.S. universities. They said plants had been the key object of study because their reaction to climate change could have an effect on food chains and ecosystem services.
The study, published on the Nature website, uses the findings from plant life cycle studies and experiments across four continents and 1,634 species. It found that some experiments had underestimated(低估)the speed of flowering by 8.5 times and leafing by 4 times.
“Across all species, the experiments under-predicted the speed of the advance — for both leafing and flowering — that results from temperature increases,” the study said.
The design of future experiments may need to be improved to better predict how plants will react to climate change, it said.
Plants are necessary for life on the Earth. They are the base of the food chain, using photosynthesis(光合作用)to produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water. They let out oxygen which is needed by nearly every organism on the planet.
Scientists believe the world’s average temperature has risen by about 0.8℃ since 1900, and nearly 0.2℃ every ten years since 1979.
So far, efforts to cut emissions(排放)of planet-warming greenhouse gases are not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2℃ this century — a point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common, leading to drought, floods, crop failures and rising sea levels.
【小题1】What is the key information the author wants to give in Paragraph 1?

A.Plants’ reaction to weather could have damaging effects on ecosystem.
B.The increasing speed of flowering is beyond scientists’ expectation.
C.Climate change leads to the change of food production patterns.
D.Food chains have been seriously damaged because of weather.
【小题2】We can learn from the study published on the Nature website that ______.
A.plants’ flowering is 8.5 times faster than leafing
B.there are 1,634 plant species on the four continents
C.scientists should improve the design of the experiments
D.the experiments failed to predict how plants react to climate change
【小题3】Scientists pay special attention to the study of plants because _______.
A.they can prove the climate change clearly
B.they are very important in the food chains
C.they play a leading role in reducing global warming
D.they are growing and flowering much faster than before
【小题4】What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs about the world’s temperature?
A.It has risen nearly 0.2℃ since 1979.
B.Its change will lead to weather extremes.
C.It is 0.8℃ higher in 1979 than that of 1990.
D.It needs to be controlled within 2℃ in this century.


【小题1】B
【小题2】C
【小题3】B
【小题4】D

解析

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All plant cells are capable of taking up water. Even dead ones do to a certain degree. Absorption(吸收)of water by dead cell walls makes wood become larger. In common land plants, the living cells of roots take up most of the water. Land plants without roots do exist, however. Those greenish-yellow lichens(苔藓)you see on rocks in the high mountains have no roots. Half a billion years ago, when water plants started to enter the land, the first land plants did not have roots.
Even among the flowering plants, one finds rootless forms. These flowering plants are “the higher plants” because they evolved(进化)recently and are thus considered higher on the evolutionary scale(进化度). In the Peruvian desert, there grows one of these rootless higher plants, a bromeliad. It is a relative of the pineapple. Even if this plant had roots, they would be of no use, because where the plant grows, it never rains. The plant gets its water only from the dew(露水)it collects at night, when its leaves cool off. Such rootless plants, of course, can be moved with ease, but they will only grow when they are placed out in the open. If they are placed too near a house, the radiation from the heat of the house prevents the leaves from cooling and so prevents dew from forming, and the plant dies. In the southern United States and in Puerto Rico, one sees bromeliads growing high above the streets on the insulation(绝缘物)of electric wires. These plants get their water from rain, and the only soil they ever come in contact with is the dust that may blow on their leaves.
64.From the passage we know that the evolutionary scale is graded according to _______ .
A. evolutionary cycles  B. heights and depths
C. time        D. kinds
65.The “bromeliad” is a plant that _______ .
A.has useless roots             B. is a pineapple
C.can grow anywhere  D. takes up water through its leaves
66.The most suitable title for this passage is “_______ ”.
A. Absorption of water by plants   B. Rootless plants
C. Plants in the desert       D. Higher plants

If you want your land to keep fertile, you must try to stop soil from being carried away by water or wind. When soil is taken away by flowing water or blowing winds we call it soil erosion. Ways have been found to stop soil erosion, and this is known as soil conservation. One way of stopping soil erosion is to grow small plants such as grass. These plants are referred to a cover crops, whose roots hold the soil tightly together. The rain water can not wash away the soil. When trees and tall bushes are planted at the edges of an open field, soil erosion by strong winds can not take place. The trees and bushes, which act as a very big and firm wall, protect the open land from the winds. The way to stoop soil erosion on slopes is to build terraces on the slope of hillside and mountainside. When the slope of a hillside is cut into “step”, water carrying soil can not run straight down the terraces, which are used to slow down the speed of the flowing water containing much soil in it. In this way most of the soil in the water is left behind on the terraces, much soil in it.
【小题1】What takes place in soil erosion?

A.Flood happens to the fertile land
B.A large quantity of the soil loses away gradually.
C.Terraces are built on the slope of hillside or mountainside.
D.Plants are grown to protect the open land
【小题2】“Cover crops” in this passage means _________.?
A. grass        B. trees and bushes     C. plants life and an area
E.   covering plants that produce grain or vegetables
【小题3】Besides growing small plants, another method to fight against soil erosion is to ___________.
A.build terracesB.build wallsC.plant treesD.plant tall bushes
【小题4】According to the passage, trees and tall bushes are planted around an open field ________________.
A.because their roots hold soil tightly
B.to stop soil from being blown away by winds.
C.Because soil erosion causes terrible damages to crops
D.To keep the balance of nature
【小题5】Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
A.What Causes Soil Erosion
B.The Importance of Erosion
C.Rain Erosion and Wind Erosion
D.Erosion and the Way of Tight against Erosion

Scientists are trying to make the deserts ,which get very little rain, into good land again. They want to bring water to the deserts,so people can live and grow food. They are learning a lot about the deserts. But more and more of the earth is becoming desert all the time. Scientists may not be able to change the desert in time.
Why is more and more land becoming desert?Scientists think that people make deserts.People are doing bad things to the earth against the scientists’ wish.
Some places on the earth don’t get much rain. But they still don’t become deserts.This is because some green plants are growing there.Small green plants and grass are very important to dry places.Plants don’t let the sun make the earth even drier. Plants do not let the wind blow the dirt away.When a bit of rain falls,the plants hold the water. Without plants, the land can become desert more easily.
【小题1】Deserts ____________ .

A.never have any plants or animals in them
B.can all be turned into good land before long
C.are becoming smaller and smaller
D.get very little rain
【小题2】More and more land is becoming desert  because____________.
A.plants can’t grow there
B.there is not enough rain
C.people haven’t done what scientists wish them to do
D.scientists know little about the deserts
【小题3】Small green plants are very important to dry places because ________
A.they don’t let the sun make the earth even drier
B.they don’t let the wind blow the soil away
C.they hold water
D.All of the above.
【小题4】After reading this passage, we learn that _____________ .
A.plants can keep dry land from becoming desert
B.it is good to get rid of the grass in the deserts
C.all places without much rain will become deserts
D.it is better to grow crops on dry land than to cut them

阅读下列应用文及相关信息,并按照要求匹配信息。请在答题卡上将对应题号的相应选项字母涂黑。

首先请阅读关于不同月份天气特征的信息。

A. February – it’s one of the most pleasant months of the year. Most days have clear, sunny skies and the average temperature is a very cool 14°C. With an average monthly rainfall of only 20mm it is also one of the driest months.

B. April – it’s a warm spring month with moderate temperatures averaging around 21°C, and it is very wet, with 200mm rainfall on average for the month.

C. June – although it is the start of summer with average temperatures reaching a hot 28°C, you will not see much sun as it is usually very cloudy. It is also one of the wettest months of the year with frequent rain and average monthly rainfall of 240mm.

D. August – it is the hottest month of the year with average temperatures of 30°C. Generally very sunny during the day, but with frequent heavy rain showers in the evening that make it the wettest month of the year with an average monthly rainfall of 280mm.

E. October – this mid-autumn month is still pleasantly warm with average temperatures of 20°C. Days are mostly cloudy and overcast although rainfall levels are relatively low, averaging 70mm for rain for the month.

F. December – it is one of the coldest months of the year with average temperatures of 13°C. Night can be very cold. Mostly sunny, with a moderate average monthly rainfall of 60mm.

以下是五种蔬菜的种植指引,请把蔬菜与适宜种植的月份匹配起来。

1.Corn – it requires a warm weather for strong and rapid growth. As it needs very wet soil, choose a time when there will be plenty of rain. High temperatures will cause corn to lose its sweet flavour.

2.Tomatoes – these popular plants are easy to grow as they can resist most pests and diseases. They require low temperatures, plenty of direct sunlight and dry conditions for best results.

3.Onions – these are a cold-season crop, easy to grow in the right conditions. They need a moderate amount of rain to keep the soil damp, but too much will cause them to rot. They should be planted during sunny period, as they grow best with plenty of direct sunlight.

4.Eggplants – these are tropical or subtropical, hot-season vegetables that need lots of direct sunlight. They grow best when the weather is very hot and there is plenty of water in the soil.

5.Potatoes – the taste of home-grown potatoes is far superior to store bought ones. They need a mild to warm conditions and relatively dry soil for best growth. They also require cloudy, overcast conditions for most of the time to prevent sunburn.

 

 

第三部分:阅读(共两节,满分40分)

第一节:阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并把答案写在答题卷上。(共15小题,每小题2分,满分30分)

Bamboo is one of the nature’s most surprising plants. Many people call this plant a tree, but it is a kind of grass.

Like other kinds of grass, a bamboo plant may be cut very low to the ground, but it will grow back very quickly. A Japanese scientist recorded one bamboo plant that grew almost 1.5 meters in 24 hours! Bamboo grows almost everywhere in the world except Europe. There are more than 1,000 kinds of bamboo that grow around the world on both mountains and plains(平原).

Not all bamboo looks the same. Some bamboo plants are very thin. They may only grow to be a few centimeters wide while others may grow to more than 30 centimeters across. This plant also comes in different colors, from yellow to black to green.

Many Asian countries have been using bamboo for hundreds of years. They often use bamboo for building new buildings. As a matter of fact, the cables (绳索) that hold up the hanging bridge across the Min River in Sichuan are made of bamboo. The bridge has been in use for more than 1,000 years, and is still holding strong.

In Africa, engineers are teaching poor farmers how to find water using bamboo. These African countries need cheap ways to find water because they have no money, and their fields often die from no rain and no water. It seems that bamboo is one of the best things they can use. Bamboo pipes and drills (钻) can help to make the poor thirsty fields to be watered.

41.How is bamboo like grass?

A. It is thin and easy to cut.                                 B. It grows everywhere.

C. It grows quickly after its cut short.              D. It is short and green.

42.The sentence “while others may grow to more than 30 centimeters across.” means “Some other bamboo plants may grow to be very _______.”

A. short                     B. strong                            C. thick                                 D. tall

43.From the text we know ______.

A. most people call bamboo plant trees

B. a bamboo plant may grow 4.5 meters in three days

C. the bamboo plant changes its colors when it grows

D. a bridge held by bamboo cable was built thousands of years ago

44.Why did the engineers teach the poor farmers in Africa to make use of bamboo?

A. Because it is cheap.                                        B. Because it is colorful.

C. Because it drills fast.                                        D. Because it is used by Asians.

45.Which of the following is NOT true?

A. There are many different kinds of bamboo with different colors.

B. Cables made of bamboo can last for over a thousand years.

C. Bamboo can be used for buildings, bridges and watering projects(工程).

D. Bamboo plants are able to grow well in any part of the world.

 

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