When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strong happened to the large animals; they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived; the large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. 
Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. That the seas are being over-fished has been known for years and researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) inanes fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.
Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative (保守的). One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around noise.
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.
【小题1】The aim of the extinction of large prehistoric animals is to suggest that _______.

A.large animal were not easy to survive in the changing environment
B.small species survived as large animals disappeared
C.large sea animals may face the same threat today.
D.Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones
【小题2】We can infer from Dr Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that _______.
A.the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%
B.there are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years ago
C.the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount
D.the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old
【小题3】By saying these figures are conservative (line 1, paragraph 3), Dr worm means that_______.
A.fishing technology has improved rapidly
B.then catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded
C.the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss
D.the date collected so far are out of date.
【小题4】Dr Myers and other researchers hold that _______.
A.people should look for a baseline that can’t work for a longer time
B.fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass
C.the ocean biomass should restore its original level.
D.people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation.
【小题5】The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ _______.
A.management efficiency
B.biomass level
C.catch-size limits
D.technological application.

Yousuf Karshthe Canadian portrait artist who photographed many of the most influential figures of the 20th centurydied in a Boston hospital on July l3 th2002He was 93

??? Working from a studio in OttawaKarsh produced famous portraits of such subjects as Winston ChurchillJohn FKennedyErnest Hemingway and Albert EinsteinActually he has become almost as famous as his legendary subjectsIn the latest edition of Who’s Whowhich listed the most notable people of the last centuryKarsh was the only Canadian of the 100 famous people listed——51 0f whom Karsh had photographed

??? As a master portraitistoften working in black and whiteKarsh was famous for talking to his subjects as he was getting the shot’s composition just rightasking them questions and putting them at easeIn preparationhe read as much as he could about the sittersbut avoided having the idea beforehand of how he would photograph themHe sought, as he wrote in Karsh Portfolio in 1967to capture the “essential element which has made them great” explaining“All I know is that within every mall a secret is hiddenand as a photographer, it is my task to reveal it if I can

Karsh was born in America in 1908and his uncleGeorge Nakashbrought him to John Garoall outstanding photographerto teach him in 1928Four years laterKarsh set up his own studio in Ottawa

In December of 1941his memorable portrait of Winston Churchill brought Karsh into international fameCanada’s Prime Minister Mackenzie King arranged for him to photograph Churchill following Churchill’s speech in the House of CommonsNot toldChurchill lit up a cigar, “Why was I not told of this?’’ Karsh asked him to remove the cigar andwhen he didn’tstepped forward and gently removed it with the comment“Forgive meSir”Churchill glowered (怒目而视) as the shot was takenthen permitted Karsh to take still another,jokingly commenting“You can even make a roaring lion stand still to be photographed” The Churchill portrait has since appeared in publications all over the world

??? Karsh traveled to London in 1943 with his portable studio —— an 8-by-10 view camera and many studio lamps to photograph such notables as George Bernard Shaw and the royal familyAll these portraits fully illustrate Karsh’s ability

1.What did Karsh seek to do most in working?

ACapture the essence and greatness of the character

BPresent the true and vivid expression of the subject

CMake the photograph more colorful and expressive

DReveal the idea he has got in preparing for the shot

2.The underlined word “sitters”in Para 3 probably means __________

Acharacters seated????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? Bsubjects questioned

Cmodels photographed????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? Dphotographs taken

3.The last three paragraphs are mainly developed by __________

Afollowing time order????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? Bproviding examples

Cmaking comparisons????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? Dgiving causes and effects

4.From the passagewe can learn that __________

AChurchill was asked to stand still when Karsh took a photograph of him

BChurchill’s portrait hanging in the House of Commons gave Karsh great fame

CKarsh was listed as one of the 100 notables by Who’s Who in the last century

DKarsh could skilfully adjust the subjects’ mood when photographing them

 

阅读下面的短文,然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。

No doubt the planet is warming. Over the last century, the temperature has risen by around one degree Fahrenheit. It’s reported that the global temperatures will rise  by 3-10 degrees Fahrenheit—enough to have the polar caps almost melted. If the ice caps melt, buildings, homes and even lives will be under water.

While we know about global warming,  what can we do to save the planet? The answer is simpler than supposed. You don’t have to go miles away to protest, or spend much money. Here are several simple steps to begin with.

Firstly, plant a tree.Trees , when fully grown, will keep the plante cooler.

Secondly, reduce pollution. Sometimes as simple as walking instead of taking the car will reduce pollution. Besides stop pollution, you are giving yourself exercise. So whenever you get into your car, just ask yourself, “do I have to make this journey by vehicle?”

When you get a little cold in winter, put a jumper on and don’t adjust the heating. The extra heat produced by homes also affect the planet.

Finally, reduce, reuse and recycle. Only buy what you need and reuse whatever you can, like containers and paper, and recycle what you cannot reuse.

If everyone stuck to these rules, we would be doing a great thing by protecting the Earth. It is our next generation that will feel the effects.

[写作内容]

1. 以约30个词概括这段短文的内容 ;

2. 然后以约120个词就“阻止全球变暖从我做起”进行议论,内容包括:

(1)全球变暖危及人类生存;

(2)阻止全球变暖要从小事做起;

(3)你的做法。

[写作要求]

1. 在作文中可以使用自己亲身的经历或虚构的故事,也可以参照阅读材料的内容但不得直接引用原文中的句子;

2. 标题自定。

[评分标准]

概括准确,语言规范,内容合适,篇章连贯。

 

When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strong happened to the large animals; they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived; the large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. 

Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. That the seas are being over-fished has been known for years and researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) inanes fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.

Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative (保守的). One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around noise.

Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.

1.The aim of the extinction of large prehistoric animals is to suggest that _______.

A.large animal were not easy to survive in the changing environment

B.small species survived as large animals disappeared

C.large sea animals may face the same threat today.

D.Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones

2.We can infer from Dr Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that _______.

A.the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%

B.there are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years ago

C.the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount

D.the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old

3.By saying these figures are conservative (line 1, paragraph 3), Dr worm means that_______.

A.fishing technology has improved rapidly

B.then catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded

C.the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss

D.the date collected so far are out of date.

4.Dr Myers and other researchers hold that _______.

A.people should look for a baseline that can’t work for a longer time

B.fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass

C.the ocean biomass should restore its original level.

D.people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation.

5.The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ _______.

A.management efficiency

B.biomass level

C.catch-size limits

D.technological application.

 

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