题目内容
The Vienna-based researchers showed that dogs doing a simple task when not rewarded if another dog, which continues to be rewarded, is present.
The experiment consisted of taking pairs of dogs ting(发叮当声) them to present a paw for areward. On giving the “handshake" the dogs received a piece of food. One of the dogs was then asked to shake hands, but received no food. The other dog continued to get the food when it was asked to perform.
The dog without the reward quickly stopped doing the task, and showed signs of anger or stresswhen its partner was rewarded.
To make sure that the experiment was really showing the interaction between the dogs rather than just the annoyance of not being rewarded, a similar experiment was conducted where the dogs performed the task without the partner. Here continued to present the paw for much longer.
Dr. Frederike Range from the University of Vienna says this shows that it was the presence of the rewarded partner that was the greater influence on their behavior.
“The only difference is that one gets food and the other doesn't. They are responding to being unequally rewarded. ” she says.
The researchers say this kind of behavior, where one animal gets annoyed with what is happening with another, has only been observed in primates (灵长类) before.
Studies with various types of monkeys and chimpanzees show they react not only to seeing their partners receiving; rewards when they are not, but also to the type of reward.
The dog study also looked at whether the type of reward made a difference. Dogs were given either bread or sausage, but seemed to react equally to either. Dr. Range says this may be because they have been trained.
56. The dogs refused to give the paw when they _ .
A. found another dog was given nothing B. felt they were not treated equally
C. were aware they received less food D. were given too much reward
57. What would a dog do if it presented its paw alone?
A. It would go on with the performance much longer.
B. It would be too shy to present its paw.
C. It would miss its partner.
D. It would compare what it got with that of another.
58. According to the passage, compared with dogs, monkeys and chimpanzees _ .
A. pay no attention to the type of reward
B. only like to play interesting games
C. pay attention to the type of reward as well as whether they are rewarded
D. care more about how they are rewarded
59. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?
A. Animals' various ways to show anger
B. Dogs are more envious than man
C. Most animals want to be rewarded for their work
D. Animals also have a sense of fairness
BACD
It is often said that man has become the enemy of our planet. This is no exaggeration(夸张), for reports show that man’s greed has done much to destroy the earth. Man, in his greedy desire for financial growth, has polluted the air, land and water, and has robbed our valuable natural resources. Man’s industrial plants pour out poisonous waste that pollutes the sea and puts life in the sea under the threat of dying out; at the same time, they release alarming amounts of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other pollutants. Small wonder that the air now is much warmer and more impure than ever before.
Of course, this is not just because of man’s greed—it is man’s pressing need as well. For instance, in developing countries, huge financial foreign debts have forced governments to approve the cutting of forests for agriculture or ranching. As a result, forests are cut down just to meet man’s immediate needs.
Perhaps unknowingly，man has changed the make-up of the earth's atmosphere. Scientific studies have shown that CFCs used in refrigerators and industrial cleaners are fast destroying the ozone layer—a protective layer in the atmosphere that protects us against the harmful effects of the sun’s ultraviolet (紫外线)rays. In fact, documented reports have shown a terrible fact that there are “holes” in the ozone layer over the Antarctic. And they appear to be expanding.
Faced with these environmental problems, world leaders have shown deep concern. The UN Environmental Programme (UNEP) has arranged international agreements like the Vienna convention of 1985 and the Montreal Protocol of 1989 to preserve the ozone layer by controlling the production, use and trade of destructive chemicals.
There may be some doubt as to how effectual these agreements may be, given that some countries still maintain an “I-don’t-care” attitude. Their attitude is probably due to their failure to grasp the importance of the problem. Then, there is no doubt that environmental education on an international scale（规模）is greatly needed, so that all countries, great and small—the “haves” and the “have nots”—may realize their responsibilities for our planet.
In the meantime, the UNEP seems to have taken steps in the right direction, and it is hoped that in the not so distant future, all nations of the world will join hands in saving mother earth.
1.Which of the following is a reason for the cutting and burning of forests?
A. To build houses for more population.
B. To have land for agriculture.
C. To export trees to other countries.
D. To build industrial plants.
2.The holes in the ozone layer are largely due to________.
A. man’s research activities B. the greenhouse effect
C. the ultraviolent D. harmful chemicals
3.Why don’t some countries care about the problem of the environment?
A. They don’t want to put their lives in danger.
B. They just don’t know how to solve the problem.
C. They haven’t realized the seriousness of the problem.
D. They don’t want to break their international commitment.
4.What is the author’s attitude towards the future of the environment?
A. Hopeful. B. Unconcerned C. Doubtful D. Objective