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阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号的相应位置上。

Although most people believe that formal schooling is required for scientific success, a college degree is not always necessary. 1. excellent example of a man who won fame as a scientist 2. academic(学术的) training is Vincent J. Schaefer. His formal education ended 3. two years of high school when he had to go to work in an untrained job at General Electric. Because 4. his inventive mind and his skill as a model maker, he was soon allowed to try his own experiments in the company laboratory. His natural 5. (curious) made him wonder about clouds. He developed, after many tries, a method of making clouds rain 6. they would not normally do so. This method, 7. (call) seeding, has been very 8. (help) to farmers, and 9. made him win much fame.

Schaefer believes that for people 10. , most of all, are interested in the world and everything in it, a college degree is unnecessary.

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When I was a little girl, I ________ with my uncle for several years.

A. lived B. have lived

C. was lived D. had lived

—Are you ready for Spain?

—Yes, I want the girls to experience that ______ they are young.

A．while B．until

C．if D．before

You ______do anything just because other people think it’s best.

A. mustn’t B. daren’t

C. don’t have to D. can’t

Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It's very likely that you'll want to have volunteers to help with the organization's activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.

Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.

People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people's wish of participation from an internal factor (e. g. , “I volunteer because it's important to me”) to an external factor ( e. g. ,“I volunteer because I'm required to do so”). When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.

Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.

Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am. ” Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they found a positive correlation (正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results, once again, lead to concrete advice: “Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity... Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”.

1.People volunteer mainly out of ________.

A．academic requirements B．social expectations

C．financial rewards D．internal needs

2.What can we learn from the Florida study?

A．Follow-up studies should last for one year.

B．Volunteers should get mentally prepared.

C．Strategy training is a must in research.

D．Volunteers are provided with concrete advice.

3.What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?

A．Individual differences in role identity.

B．Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts.

C．Role identity as a volunteer.

D．Practical advice from researchers.

4.What is the best title of the passage?

A．How to Get People to Volunteer.

B．How to Study Volunteer Behaviors.

C．How to Keep Volunteers’ Interest.

D．How to Organize Volunteer Activities.

For more than twenty years scientists have been searching for signs of life on other planets. Most of these searches have been done over the radio. The hope is that someone in outer space may be trying to get in touch with us. Scientists also have sent radio and television messages on spaceships traveling through space, on the chance that someone may be receptive （善于接受的） to such messages.

Scientists are using powerful radio telescope to listen to signals from about 1,000 stars, all within 100 light years of earth. In addition, they will scan (扫视) the entire sky to “listen” for radio messages from more distant stars. Using a computer, they will be able to monitor more than eight channels at one time. Scientists are looking for any signal that stands out from the background noise.

Of the 200 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy （银河星系）, scientists find that five percent are like our sun. Perhaps half of them have a planet like earth. Such a planet would be a reasonable distance from the star for temperatures to be right for the evolution of life. Based on the inhabitable (that can be lived in) planets in our galaxy, most scientists agree that chances are likely that one or more of these planets support some life.

However, many scientists wonder whether intelligent （有智力的） life exists on other planets. Some believe that twenty years of searching without any intelligible （可理解的） messages shows that no one is out there. They say that the evolution of intelligence comparable to ours is unlikely.

Other scientists believe that our search hasn’t been long enough to rule out the possibility that intelligent life exists in our galaxy. Although our sun family in only about five billion years old, our galaxy is about 20 billions years old. In that time, some scientists think it is likely that civilizations are much more advanced than ours. Perhaps these civilizations send us no signals; perhaps we have not recognized the signals they have sent us. If we hope to find intelligent life, these scientists believe that we have to keep looking.

1.According to the passage, how many planets in our galaxy might human beings live?

A. 5 billion B. 10 billion C. 15 billion D. 200 billion

2.The first paragraph in this passage is mainly about ______.

A. where scientists are looking for signs of life on other planets

B. why scientists are looking for signs of life on other planets

C. how scientists are looking for signs of life on other planets

D. when scientists are looking for signs of life on other planets

3. The underlined word “monitor” in the passage means “______”.

A. find B. follow C. study D. form

4. Which of the statements is TRUE based on the information in the passage?

A. The earth is one of the oldest planets in our galaxy.

B. Most scientists believe that there is intelligent life on other planet.

C. Scientists don’t believe that there might be life on other planets.

D. Scientists are trying different ways to find signs of life on other planet.

There is still much to discuss. We shall, ______ , return to this issue at our next meeting.

A. however B. otherwise

C. therefore D. instead

Eric didn’t feel at ____ease in the party, because he was afraid of losing ____face.

A. the; a B. an; /

C. /; the D. /; /

The how to book can be of help to wants to do the job.

A. who B. whomever

C. no matter who D. whoever

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