题目内容

【题目】【2015年高考湖北卷】下列各组词语中，加点字的注音全都正确的一组是（ ）

A．缜（shèn）密 感喟（kuì） 紫蔷薇（wēi） 暗香盈（yíng）袖

B．镶（xiāng）嵌 驰骋（chěng） 栀（zhī）子花 逸兴遄（chuán）飞

C．热忱（chén） 别（bié）扭 康乃馨（xīn） 积微成著（zhù）

D．菜肴（yáo） 酣（hān）畅 蒲（pú）公英 春风拂（fó）面

【答案】B

【解析】本题考查识记现代汉语普通话常用字的字音的能力。A项，“缜”应该读zhěn。C项，“别”应该读biè。D项，“拂”应该读fú。

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【题目】阅读下面的文字，完成下题。

艺文之末品——民间书信

赵宪章

中国古代书信脱离公牍文性质而成为私人之间的往来，就现存文献来看，当在秦汉之后，例如司马迁的《报任安书》。史家通常将《报任安书》和《太史公自序》相提并论，因为阐发《史记》写作的动因和宗旨是它们的共同主题，对于研究司马迁的人生阅历和史学思想具有同等重要的意义。但是，由于二者属于完全不同的文体，导致其叙事策略和言说方式大相径庭。其中，关于“李陵之祸”的表述最为明显。前者面对知己任少卿，从个人立场出发宣泄私人真情，直抒胸臆，慷慨激昂，无所顾忌；后者从公众立场出发表达自己的修史大志，严谨得体，语气平缓，措辞讲究。

这就是“书”与“文”的不同，即民间书信和公牍文的不同：《报任安书》之所以是“民间书信”而不是“公牍文”，首先在于它是个人私情的充分倾诉，即所谓“函绵邈于尺素，吐滂沛乎寸心”；而在《太史公自序》中，对自己的身心造成重大创痛的“李陵之祸”，只能深深地掩埋在纸背文后。另外，《报任安书》和《太史公自序》均有司马迁的家世及阅历的自述，以表达自己编修《史记》的缘由和动因，但其叙事的策略和语调却大相径庭。《太史公自序》虽然名曰“自序”，实则是假借他人视角进行叙述，即采用第三人称叙事。《报任安书》就不同了，作为致友人的书信，不可能采用第三人称叙事，“第一人称”是所有书信文体无以选择的叙事视角，从而为宣泄个人感情预设了“无障碍通道”。就此而言，民间书信作为最典型的“第一人称文体”，“私语真情”是其区别于一切公牍文体之最显著的特点，是民间书信之所以被文学史所接纳的重要原因。

“私语真情”之所以是书信文体之“文学性”的主要标志之一，就在于它的个人化和情感性，即“个体情感”本身的文学属性。它不需要像宏大叙事作品那样必须借助于普遍情感的“个人化转换”，本身就是个体情感的直接显露或自由宣泄，从而为民间书信进入文学世界开具了最便捷的通行证。

包括情书、家书等一切民间私人书信具备自身特有的“安全言说”的文体形式，所诉说的情感往往不能外言，是私密的。这也是民间书信作为情感载体之所以动人和诱人之处，它只是在特定的、熟悉的和知己的对象间的一种对话，先验地预设了一种熟悉的、可靠的、安全的因而也是“不予告人”的语境。就此而言，现代电信、E-mail和网络对话只延续了书信的实用功能，作为“私语真情”的文体属性已经稀释或隐退。书信的言说实际上是在说“不可（与他人）言说之说”。而“说不可说之说”恰恰就是文学的言说，是文学言说的艺术特性。当然，书信的言说同文学的言说尽管都是“说不可说之说”，但是并非意味着可以将二者等而同之：前者是现实的、即时的，后者是虚构的、假想的。书信也就具备了不同于文学的文学魅力：它以现实的私密性诱发了人的好奇心和想象力，以其现实的而不是虚构的真实赢得了类似于文学的动情力。

当然，书信的“艺术性”还有其他诸多方面的成因，诸如语言修辞、行文格式、笔墨书法，以及信笺、信封和邮票的艺术设计等，甚至包括整个邮政事务在内的传递活动，都包含丰富的审美因素和艺术趣味，这些因素和趣味显然游离于书信的实用价值之外，是书信的艺术性之所在。但是毫无疑问，在书信的所有艺术性因素中，“私语真情”是其最具文学诱惑力的内在成因。

（节选自《民间书信及其对话艺术》，有删改）

（1）下列关于《报任安书》和《太史公自序》的表述，不正确的一项是（ ）

A．《报任安书》和《太史公自序》均自述家世及阅历，以交代编修《史记》的缘由和动因。

B．《报任安书》和《太史公自序》叙事策略和言说方式的差别在于“李陵之祸”的表述。

C．《报任安书》和《太史公自序》文体性质上的不同，可视为民间书信和公牍文的不同。

D．《报任安书》和《太史公自序》将阐发《史记》写作动因和宗旨作为它们的共同主题。

（2）下列对“私语真情”的理解和分析，不正确的一项是（ ）

A．“私语真情”是书信文体“文学性”的主要标志之一，原因在于书信具有个人化和情感性这一文学属性。

B．“私语真情”是民间书信区别于一切公牍文体的最为显著的特点，也是文学史接纳民间书信的重要原因。

C．“私语真情”本身直接显露或自由宣泄个体情感，不像宏大叙事作品需要借助普遍情感的“个人化转换”。

D．“私语真情”往往不能外言，有私密性，这种特点使得民间书信作为情感载体有了动人和诱人之处。

（3）根据原文内容，下列理解和分析不正确的一项是（ ）

A．一切民间书信的言说是在特定的、熟悉的对象间的一种对话，它先验地预设了一种熟悉的、可靠的、安全的因而也是“不予告人”的语境。

B．“说不可说之说”是书信的言说特点，也是文学言说的艺术特性，但两者并非可以将等而同之，前者是现实的、即时的，后者是虚构的、假想的。

C．语言修辞、行文格式、笔墨书法以及信笺设计等都包含着游离于书信的实用价值之外的丰富的审美因素和艺术趣味，也是书信的艺术性因素。

D．中国古代书信在秦汉之后脱离公牍文性质而成为私人之间的往来，进入文学世界，就现存文献来看，应当发端于汉史学家司马迁的《报任安书》。

【题目】汤姆的父母努力纠正他的不良习惯。(cure)

Tom’s parents try to ___ his bad habits.

【题目】They did a very good job. More than one student _____ praised by the teacher.

was

were

is

has

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