题目内容

【题目】下表是第二次鸦片战争中主要战役的中外兵力对比情况（单位：人）。此表主要反映

战役

时间

英

法

英法联军

中国军队

第一次广州战役

1856．10

439

15000

虎门之战

1856．11

1380

1700

第一次大沽战

1858．5

660

518

1178

10000

八里桥之战

1860．9

3500

1500

5000

34000

A．清政府的腐败无能 B．英法综合实力强大

C．清军顽强抵抗 D．清朝军队装备陈旧

【答案】A

【解析】根据表格中中外兵力的对比可知，在鸦片战争中，清政府的兵力远大于列强，但清政府依然战败，反映出清政府的腐败无能，A项正确。不能通过兵力对比来推断英法综合实力强大，排除B。表格数据无法体现清军顽强抵抗、装备陈旧，排除C、D。综上所述，本题正确答案为A。

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【题目】阅读下列材料，回答问题。

材料一 起而革命者，代不乏人，然不过一朝一姓之变革而已。孙中山之革命，则为国体之改革，与一朝一姓之变革迥然不同。

——张謇《张季子九录·文录》

材料二 今全国人民心理，多倾向共和……是用外观大势，内审舆情，特率皇帝将统治权公诸全国，定为共和立宪国体……即由袁世凯以全权组织临时共和政府，与军民协商统一办法。……为一大中华民国。

——《清帝逊位诏书》

材料三 法学教授高全喜谈道：“清帝不是逊位给一家一姓的王朝，而是逊位给了一个未来的立宪共和政体，这是它与中国传统禅让的不同之处。”

——《立宪时刻》

（1）结合史实说明“孙中山之革命”与中国古代封建王朝更替的根本区别，并分析造成“孙中山之革命”与“一朝一姓之变革迥然不同”的主要原因。

（2）根据材料二、三并结合所学知识，分析《清帝逊位诏书》颁布的意义。

（3）有人将《清帝逊位诏书》看成是中国版的“光荣革命”。你是如何看待这一论断的？

【题目】阅读下列材料，回答问题。

材料一 “科学之兴，其功不在人权说下，若舟车之有两轮焉。……国人而欲脱蒙昧时代，羞为浅化之民也，则急起直追，当以科学与人权并重。”

——陈独秀《敬告青年》

材料二 “孔教与帝制，有不可离散之因缘。”“宪法者，全国人民权利之保证书也，决不可染以优待一族、一教、一党、一派人之作用。”“非独不能以孔教为国教，定入未来之宪法，且应毁全国已有之孔庙而罢其祀。”

——陈独秀《宪法与孔教》等

（1）根据材料一、二，概括新文化运动的基本主张。

（2）结合所学知识，对材料二的观点进行简要评价。

【题目】B

When Beijing is hit by smog, residents often joke that the Chinese capital needs to build giant fans to clear out the polluted air. Mountains to the north and west help trap smog in the city, and a strong wind from Mongolia is the surest way to ensure cleaner air.

Beijing officials are now considering ways to help that process. Though giant fans are not on the menu, at least not yet, city planners are looking at ways to create corridors (走廊)that encourage wind flow through the capital. The plan is inspired by research on urban heat islands, which shows that large buildings that block the wind are one of the causes of higher average temperatures in cities as opposed to those in the countryside.

“This isn’t controlling pollution. It’s shifting the problem.” Wang Bing, a Beijing-based author, wrote on Sina Weibo. But the plan has received some interest from residents who have grown tired of repeated periods of heavy pollution.

Peng Yingdeng, an air pollution expert at the Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, told the newspaper that the plan was more likely to require an adjustment of related laws to limit building heights and numbers in some areas. Similar proposals are under consideration in other major Chinese cities including Hangzhou, Nanjing, Shenyang and Wuhan.

“This kind of work to search for ways to reduce pollution is really worth applauding,” the state-run news agency Xinhua said in a commentary. “If scientists confirm it is effective, then we should promote it on a much larger scale.”

Some experts have expressed doubts whether the plan would make a significant difference. Serious pollution is usually associated with periods of little or no wind, and air corridors do little good if the wind isn’t blowing, Song Guojun, an environmental science professor told The Beijing News. Solving the air pollution problem mainly requires controlling pollution sources.

【1】Why do people say “the Chinese capital needs to build giant fans”?

A. Because the weather in Beijing is very hot.

B. Because they think air corridors are a good idea.

C. Because Beijing is surrounded by mountains.

D. Because the pollution is too serious.

【2】What is Wang Bing’ s attitude towards the construction of air corridors?

A. Disapproval. B. Supportive.

C. Cautious. D. Optimistic.

【3】Using air corridors to solve pollution problem largely depends on ______.

A. electricity B. wind

C. technology D. laws

【4】What is the solution to pollution problem according to Song Guojun?

A. To build giants fans.

B. To construct air corridors.

C. To control pollution sources.

D. To take the cars off the road.

【题目】A

A new phone app uses vibrations from smartphones to alert people about earthquakes.

The phone app recognizes sudden shaking of the earth’s surface through sensors in smartphones. The new app is called MyShake. It is the work of four researchers at the University of California, Berkeley. They said they created a worldwide warning system that would inform people and give them time to prepare. Other earthquake apps include QuakeFeed, Quakes and Earthquake. They show where earthquakes have happened, at what strength, and the aftershocks. Those use data from the U.S. Geological Survey. The MyShake app is available only for Android phones.

Smartphones are equipped with accelerometers(加速计). These instruments measure movement, like that of a car or airplane. They can also measure the shaking of a machine, a building or other structures. Accelerometers are used in activity trackers and apps that count steps or other exercise. They also are used in global positioning system apps, also called GPS. MyShake uses phone accelerometers to measure seismic activity. It has been programmed to know the difference between normal activity and earthquake movement. The software developers say their app is right 93 percent of the time.

A smartphone sends seismic information to the app developers. If the developers receive several notifications from one area, it recognizes that an earthquake may be taking place or will take place soon. Using information sent from the app, the network then estimates the location and strength of the quake in real time. MyShake can record magnitude 5.0 earthquakes at distances of 10 kilometers or less. MyShake uses very little power, according to its developers. Only when seismic activity is sensed by the app does it become active and sends data to the network.

The developers hope that MyShake can add to information collected by the U.S. Geological Survey. That U.S. agency has created the earthquake early warning system, also known as the EEW. The EEW has deployed sensors for measuring quakes in many areas. In places where no such equipment exists, MyShake may be the only method of early quake detection.

The app also shows ways to stay safer during an earthquake. The developers say it will become more effective as more people use it. ＂Our goal is to build a worldwide seismic network and use the data to reduce the effects of earthquakes on us as individuals and on society as a whole,＂ say the researchers. And they hope to add a feature that would warn people of a possible tsunami, or the huge waves after an earthquake.

【1】According to the researchers from Berkeley, the new app ＂MyShake＂ can _______.

A. shake sensors in smartphones to recognize different earthquakes

B. make people aware of earthquakes in advance

C. help find goods ways to prevent earthquakes

D. predict earthquakes as well as other disasters

【2】 What’s the critical factor for the ＂MyShake＂ when it works?

A. GPS. B. Power. C. Accelerometer. D. EEW.

【题目】河北保定有一处古莲花池。有一次，慈禧太后出行返回北京时要住在保定莲池行宫。为迎接太后入住，许多工匠开始整修园子，有一位老工匠在莲池水中亭的顶部设计了“莲叶托桃”的亭顶样式。这件事应该发生在

A．第二次鸦片战争后 B．中法战争后

C．甲午中日战争后 D．八国联军侵华战争后

【题目】“妥协”一词，在现代汉语词典中被解释为：用让步的方法避免冲突或争执。阅读下列材料。

材料一 ……唯一摆脱困境（人们彼此妨害）的方式则是互相妥协。通过契约的方式建立国家，制定法律，调整人们之间的利益。

——古希腊思想家伊壁鸠鲁

现代民主政治都是妥协的产物。因此也可以说，一个民族不善于妥协，就不可能走向真正的民主。

——马克垚《世界文明史》

材料二 武昌起义的第四天，清廷启用袁世凯，督师南下剿灭革命党。不久，袁世凯集清朝军政大权于一身。面对全国如火如荼的革命起义，袁世凯提出召开国会，宽容武昌起义人士，并释放了喻培伦、汪精卫等革命党人。……袁世凯一路南下，11月1日攻占武昌，数日内又攻占汉阳。即使如此，袁世凯认为“此次鄂变，事虽仓猝，蓄谋已久……若悉索敝赋，力与一战，未尝不能收复一二省……然彼众若狂，醉心民主，兵力所能平等土地，而不能平定人心矣。”此时的革命党阵营内部，张謇等立宪派支持和谈，黄兴也于11月9日写给袁世凯的信中期待他“以拿破仑、华盛顿之资格，出而建拿破仑、华盛顿之事功……非但湘鄂人民拥戴明公为拿破仑、华盛顿，即南方各省无不拱手听命者。”最终，南北双方经过在民主共和与君主立宪等多个问题上的协商、妥协，最终达成议和。清帝颁布《清帝逊位诏书》，中华民国参议院通过《中华民国临时约法》。

——《袁世凯的妥协与南北议和》、《南北议和新论》等整理

（1）根据材料一并结合所学知识，用史实说明古代西方和近代西方的政治中是如何体现妥协的。

（2）根据材料二，概括辛亥革命中南北妥协的背景，并结合所学知识，概括南北妥协的结果。

（3）高全喜等学者认为辛亥革命是中国版的“光荣革命”。根据材料二及所学知识，谈谈你对这一观点的认识。

【题目】(2014·湖南)All we need ______ a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.

A．are B．was C．is D．were

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