题目内容

如图所示,AOB为一轻质杠杆(杠杆自重忽略不计)O为支点,OA=OB,在杠杆的B端挂一重20N的重物,要使杠杆平衡,则在A端施加的力下至少为    N。如果在A端施加一个竖直向下的力,要使杠杆平衡,这个力为     N。
20,40

试题分析:已知点A是动力作用点,只需找出最长动力臂,阻力和阻力臂一定,根据杠杆平衡条件求出在A端施加的最小力;如果在A端施加一个竖直向下的力,先确定动力臂大小,阻力和阻力臂不变,根据杠杆平衡条件求出在A端施加的力.(1)如下图,若在A点施力F,阻力臂为LOB,当F的方向与杠杆垂直时动力臂最大,此时最省力,
∵杠杆平衡,
∴F×LOA=G×LOB
∵LOA=LOB,G=20N,
∴F=G=20N;

(2)如下图,如果在A端施加一个竖直向下的力,动力臂为LOC,阻力臂为LOB,在Rt△OAC中,LOC=OA×cos60°=OA,
∵杠杆平衡,
∴F′×LOC=G×LOB
即:F′×LOC=G×LOB
∵LOC=OA,LOA=LOB,G=20N,
∴F′=40N.

点评:解决本题的关键是熟知杠杆平衡条件,能确定两种情况下动力臂的大小(①要最小动力,关键是找到动力作用点A到支点O的最长动力臂;②知道动力方向,画出力臂,确定其大小)是本题的关键.
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