题目内容

(本小题满分12分)
在科技馆里,小亮看见一台名为帕斯卡三角的仪器,如图所示,当一实心小球从入口落下,它在依次碰到每层菱形挡块时,会等可能地向左或向右落下.
(1)试问小球通过第二层位置的概率是多少?
(2)请用学过的数学方法模拟试验,并具体说明小球下落到第三层位置和第四层
位置处的概率各是多少?
 

方法1:①实心小球在碰到菱形挡块时向左或向右下落是等可能性的经过一个菱形挡块后向左或向右下落的概率各是原概率的一半.············································································ 1分
画树状图可知,落到点位置的概率为.·········································· 4分
②同理可画树状图得,落到点位置的概率为.·································· 8分
③同理可画树状图得,落到点位置的概率为.······························ 12分
(注:①中画图1分,算出概率2分.②、③中画图2分,算出概率2分.)

方法2:(1)实心小球碰到每个菱形挡块时向左或向右是等可能性的,因此小球下落到的可能性会有以下的途径{左右,右左}两种情况,···················································································· 1分
而下落到第二层,共{左左,左右,右左,右右}四种情况·································· 2分
由概率定义得······································································· 4分
(2)同理,到达第三层位置会有以下途径{左右右,右左右,右右左}三种情况
·········································································································· 5分
而下落到第三层共有{左左左,左左右,左右左,左右右,右左左,右左右,右右左,右右右}八种情况       6分
由概率定义得············································································· 8分
(3)同理,到达第四层位置会有{左左左右,左左右左,左右左左,右左左左}四种情况     9分
而下落到第四层共有{左左左左,左左左右,左左右左,左右左左,右左左左,左右左右,左右右左,左左右右,右左左右,右左右左,右右左左,右右右左,右右左右,右左右右,左右右右,右右右右}共16情况  10分
由概率定义得····································································· 12分
方法3:本题也可用贾宪三角方法,先算出小球下落路径条数,如下图.由题意知:小球经过每条路径的可能性相同.
由概率定义易得,(其中画图2分,算出概率2分)············· 4分
,(其中画图2分,算出概率2分)·································· 8分
.(其中画图2分,算出概率2分)····················· 12分
(注:其它方案正确,可参照上述方案评分!)

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