2、被动语态考查要点

被动语态的构成方式:be + 过去分词,口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法:不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。

(1)使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。

①主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。

My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.

An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.

I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.

②主动变被动时,宾补成主补(位置不变);(作补语的)不定式前需加to。

The boss made him work all day long.

He was made to work all day long(by the boss)

③短语动词变被动语态时,勿要掉“尾巴”。

The children were taken good care of (by her).

Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.

④情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。

⑤当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时,被动语态有两种形式:(A)谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主补。(B)用it作形式主语,真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如:

People say he is a smart boy.

It is said that he is a smart boy.

He is said to be a smart boy.

 People know paper was made in China first.

It is known that paper was made in China first.

Paper was known to be made in China first.

类似句型有:It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …

(2)不能用被动语态的几种情况。

①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。

②表示状态的谓语动词,如:last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。

③表示归属的动词,如have、own、belong to等。

④表示“希望、意图”的动词,如:wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。

⑤宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态,不能用被动语态。

⑥宾语是同源宾语,不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。

⑦有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义,特别是当主语是物时,常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。

(3)主动形式表被动意义。

①当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时;当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时;当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。

This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。

These novels won’t sell well.这些小说不畅销。

My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。

The door won’t lock.门锁不上。

The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。

②当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。

The plan worked out successfully.

The lamps on the wall turn off.

③want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。

④be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。

⑤在“be + 形容词 + to do”中,不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语,用主动代被动。

This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.

The girl isn’t easy to get along with.

另外:be to blame(受谴责),be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。

(4)被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。

①be seated坐着

He is seated on a bench.(He seats himself on a bench.)坐在凳子上。

②be hidden躲藏

He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。

③be lost迷路    ④be drunk喝醉    ⑤be dressed穿着

The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.

(5)被动语态与系表结构的区别

被动语态强调动作;系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如:

The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)

The book is well sold.(系表结构)

1、  动词时态考查要点

(1)一般现在时考点分析   ①表示客观事实或普遍真理(无时态限制)

The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.

Water boils at 100oC.

②表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词;表示经常或习惯性的动作,多用动作动词,且常与表频率的时间状语连用。

Ice feels cold.

We always care for each other and help each other.

③表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时:see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如:

I know what you mean.

Smith owns a car and a house.

All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.

④在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”,但不表示时态。

If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会,我的家人会非常高兴。

⑤少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时,表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排,肯定会出现的状态,只用一般现在时。

The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.

Tomorrow is Wednesday.

(2)一般过去时的考点分析(考核重点)。

①一般过去时的基本用法:表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示);用于表达过去的习惯;表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如:

I met her in the street yesterday.

I once saw the famous star here.

They never drank wine.

I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn’t.

②如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语,尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生,但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如:

He told me he read an interesting novel last night.

③表示两个紧接着发生的动作,常由以下词语连接,用一般过去时。如:but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。

The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.

He bought a watch but lost it.

④常用一般过去时的句型:

Why didn’t you / I think of that?

I didn’t notice it.

I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.

I didn’t recognize him.

(3)一般将来时考点分析。

①表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词(常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等)。

②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。

We’ll die without air or water.

③表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。

④be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别:

be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事,这种打算往往经过事先考虑,甚至已做了某种准备;shall / will do表示未事先考虑过,即说话时临时作出的决定。

be going to 表将来,不能用在条件状语从句的主句中;而will则能,表意愿。如:

If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正确)

If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)

be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作,还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止,可能性等。

A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.

be about to do sth.表示“即可,就要”,后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。

Autumn harvest is about to start.

(4)现在进行时考点分析。

①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作;表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时;表近期特定的安排或计划;go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如:

It is raining now.

He is teaching English and learning Chinese.

I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.

We are leaving on Friday.

At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the baby before six.)

The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always、often等频度副词连用,表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)

②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。(A)表示心理状态、情感的动作:like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。(B)表存在的状态的动词:appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。(C)表示一时性动作的动词:allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。(D)表示感官的动词:see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。

(5)过去完成时考点分析(考核重点)。

①常用过去完成时的几种情况:(A)在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如:By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. (B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/

though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即:hoped / planned … + to have done。(C)“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语,谓语动词用过去完成时;“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语,谓语动词  用   一般过去式。如:He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years  ago.(D)表示“一……就”的几个句型:Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如:We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.

②在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。

After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.

We arrived home before it snowed.

(6)过去将来时考点分析。

参照一般将来时对比:用would do、was / were going to do sth.表过去将来;come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时;was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。

(7)过去进行时考点分析。

①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。

②某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生,其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。

(8)现在完成时考点分析。

①现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外,还可以和下面的介词短语连用:during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。

②下列句型中常用现在完成时

It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句

This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成时

This(That / It)is the only … + that + 完成时

This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting … + that 从句 + 完成时

③在时间或条件状语从句中,现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如:

I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.

If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.

Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.

(9)注意几组时态的区别:

①一般过去时与现在完成时:时间上有差异:凡有过去时间的均用过去时态,不能用完成时态,如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。

结果上有差异:现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果,动作到现在刚完成或还在继续;一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”,和现在毫无关系。

②过去完成时与一般过去时:过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”;如出现同一主语连续几个动作(“连谓”)形式则只用一般过去时即可。

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