59. The author writes the passage mainly _______.

     A. to remind people of negative effects of juice

     B. to call on people to drink more juice

     C. to help people learn more about fruit and juice

     D. to persuade people to avoid junk juice containing various fruits

                     B

   The earliest type of medicine in most cultures was the use of plants (herbalism) and animal parts. There is no actual record of when the use of plants for medical purposes first started, although the first generally accepted use of plants as healing medicine was described in the cave paintings discovered in France, which have been dated back to between 25000-13000 BC.

     The practice of medicine developed gradually, and separately, in ancient China, Egypt, India, Greece, Persia and elsewhere. Medicine as it is practiced now developed largely in the late 18th century and early 19th century in England, Germany and France, thanks to advances in chemistry as well as laboratory techniques and equipment. The new ‘scientific’ medicine (whose results are testable and repeatable) replaced medicine in earlier times, which was based on herbalism.

     The modern era really began with  Robert Koch’s discoveries around 1880 of the transmission of disease by bacteria, and then the discovery of antibiotics (抗生素) thereafter. The 20th century witnessed major advances in the treatment of infectious(传染性的) diseases in western societies. The medical world is now developing medicine that targets (面向)one particular disease process. Thus medicine is being developed to reduce the side effects to the greatest degree and to treat cancer and long-term problems such as high cholesterol(胆固醇)。

Today’s medicine has evolved(逐步上升) over thousands of years as each generation used and expanded the knowledge of earlier times. This will continue to happen, and it is impossible to say how medicine will develop over the next hundred years. Our understanding of human genome(基因组)will lead to fresh treatments and new discoveries may open the door to unimaginable advances in medicine.

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