Once there was a poor farmer and his farm belonged to(属于) a rich man. One day he brought a basket of apples to the rich man’s house. On the doorsteps, he met two monkeys dressed like children. They jumped onto the basket to eat the apples and threw some on the ground. The farmer politely took off his hat and asked the monkeys to get off. They obeyed(服从) and the farmer went into the house. He asked to see the rich man. A servant took him to the room where the rich man was sitting.
“I have brought you the basket of apples you asked for,” he said.
“But why have you brought a half-empty basket?” the rich man asked.
“I met your children outside, and they stole some of the apples.”
【小题1】Why did the farmer bring apples to the rich man? Because        .

Dogs have an understanding of fair play and become angry if they feel that another dog is getting a better deal, a new study has found.
The study looked at how dogs react when a companion is rewarded for the same trick in an unequal way. Friederike Range, a researcher at the University of Vienna in Austria, and her colleagues did a series of experiments with dogs who knew how to respond to the command “give the paw “. The dogs were normally happy to repeatedly give the paw, whether they got a reward or not. But that changed if they saw that another dog was being rewarded with a piece of food, while they received nothing.
“We found that the dogs hesitated significantly longer when obeying the command to give the paw,” the researchers write. The unrewarded dogs eventually stopped cooperating.
Scientists have long known that humans pay close attention to inequity. But researchers always assumed that animals didn’t share the trait. “The argument was that this is a uniquely human phenomenon,” says Frans de Waal, a professor of psychology at Emory University in Atlanta.
That changed in 2003 when he and a colleague did a study on monkeys. The monkeys had to hand a small rock to researchers to get a piece of cucumber in return. They were happy to do this. But if they saw that another monkey was getting a more delicious reward, a grape, for doing the same job, they would throw away the food and rock, and at some point just stopped performing.
In that experiment, the monkeys considered the fairness of two different types of payment. But when Range and her colleagues did a similar study with their trained dogs, testing to see if dogs would become upset if they only got dark bread when other dogs received sausage, they found that as long as the dogs got some kind of food payment, even if it wasn’t the most delicious kind, the animals would play along.
【小题1】How did the dogs in Range’s study react to the order of “giving the paw”?

Boom boom!( I’m here, come to me!)

Krak krak!( Watch out, a leopard (豹)！)

Hok hok hok!( Hey, crowned eagle!)

Very good — you’ve already mastered half the basic vocabulary of the Campbell’s monkey, which lives in the forests of the Tai National Park in Ivory Coast. The adult males have six types of call, each with a specific meaning, but they can mix two or more calls together into a message with a different meaning.

Having spent months recording the monkeys’ calls in response to both natural and artificial stimuli (刺激物), a group led by Klaus Zuberbuhler of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland argues that the Campbell’s monkeys have a certain form of syntax(句法).

This is likely to be controversial because despite great effort to teach chimpanzees(大猩猩) language, they showed little or no ability to combine the sounds they learned into a sentence with a larger meaning. Syntax, basic to the structure of language, uniquely belongs to humans.

“Krak” is a call that warns of leopards in the neighborhood. The monkeys give it in response to real leopards and to leopard shouting broadcast by the researchers. The monkeys can vary the call by adding “-oo”: “Krak-oo” seems to be a general word for hunter, but one given in a special context – when monkeys hear but don’t see a hunter, or when they hear the alarm calls of another species.

The “boom-boom” call invites other monkeys to come toward the male making the sound. Two booms can be combined with a series of “krak-oos”, with a meaning entirely different to that of either of its single parts. “Boom boom krak-oo krak-oo krak-oo” is the monkey’s version of “Timber!” – it warns of falling trees.

If Zuberbuhler is correct, the Campbell’s monkeys can both vary the meaning of specific calls by adding something and combine calls to make a different meaning.

1.What is the passage mainly about?

A. A group of scientists.               B. Calls of Campbell’s monkeys.

C. The lifestyle of monkeys.                D. The importance of language.

2.According to the passage, chimpanzees       .

A. don’t communicate by sounds        

B. only understand simple sentences

C. fail to learn language from humans

D. are not related to the Campbell’s monkeys

3.If the Campbell’s monkeys hear a lion’s shouting, they will call “   ”.

  A. Krak      B. Boom        C. Boom boom krak-oo krak-oo krak-oo     D. Krak-oo    

4. According to the passage, it seems that        .

A. Zuberbuhler has spent years in the forests

B. the writer isn’t sure of  Zuberbuhler’s opinions

C. the Campbell’s monkeys are cleverer than other animals

D. the Campbell’s monkeys can express six meanings by calls

Along the seashore(海边)，the tall coconut(椰子)trees waved in he wind. The sand was white in the bright sun, and the ocean was dark blue. The houses in the town near the shore, were painted white. The boats had been pulled up on the shore. Usually they would all be in the water with hard-working fishermen. But today was a holiday, and everyone was  preparing for the celebration that was going to take place that evening.

In the distance, men could be seen climbing the coconut trees. They were singing as they worked. There were monkeys in the trees, too. The monkeys were jumping up and down and screaming angrily.The climbers just laughed at the monkeys and continued to pick the fruits.

1.What is this passage about?

A．It tells us a story of the monkeys.

B．It describes the scene on the seashore.

C．It talks about the life of the fishermen.

D．It is about how the people celebrated a holiday.

2.The boats had been pulled up on the shore because_________.

A．it was a holiday

B．the weather was too hot

C．there was going to be a storm

D．it was not the season for fishing

3.The men climbed the coconut trees to_________.

A．pick the coconuts

B．catch the monkeys

C．look at the ocean far away

D．see who could climb high and fast

4.The word "screaming" in Paragraph Two probably means _______.

A．singing and working

B．jumping up and down

C．running here and there

D．shouting in a high voice

5.The monkeys were angry because________.

A．the men were trying to catch them

B．the men wanted to drive them away

C．the men got the coconuts , which were their food

D．the men climbed higher and faster than they did

Throughout the world, boys and girls prefer to play with different types of toys. Boys typically like to play with cars and trucks, while girls typically choose to play with dolls. Why is this? A traditional sociological explanation is that boys and girls are socialized and encouraged to play with different types of toys by their parents, peers, and the “society”. Growing scientific evidence suggests, however, that boys’ and girls’ toy preferences may have a biological origin.

In 2002, Gerianne M. Alexander of Texas A&M University and Melissa Hines of City University in London surprised the scientific world by showing that monkeys showed the same sex typical toy preferences as humans. In the study, Alexander and Hines gave two masculine toys (a ball and a police car), two feminine toys (a soft doll and a cooking pot), and two neutral toys (a picture book and a stuffed dog) to 44 male and 44 female monkeys. They then assessed the monkeys’ preference for each toy by measuring how much time they spent with each. Their data showed that male monkeys showed significantly greater interest in the masculine toys, and the female monkeys showed significantly greater interest in the feminine toys. The two sexes did not differ in their preference for the neutral toys.

If children’ s toy preferences were largely formed by gender socialization, as traditional sociologists’ claim, in which their parents give “gender appropriate” toys to boys and girls, how can these male and female monkeys have the same preferences as boys and girls？They were never socialized by humans, and they had never seen these toys before in their lives.

1.Traditional sociologists believe boys’ and girls’ toy preferences ________

A．are passed down from their parents

B．are largely formed in later life

C．have nothing to do with gender socialization

D．have a biological origin

2.The study by Alexander and Hines shows that monkeys________

A．also have a sex typical toy preference

B．also play toys as humans do

C．have no toy preferences

D．like to play different toys at different time

3.Alexander and Hines carried out the study to ________

A．find more evidence for traditional sociology

B．test the intelligence of monkeys

C．test whether monkeys like to play toys

D．find out why boys and girls prefer different toys

4.According to the study, if given a stuffed dog, _______

A．only the male monkeys showed interest

B．the female monkeys showed more interest

C．the male and female monkeys showed the same interest

D．neither the male nor the female monkeys showed any interest