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The $11 billion self-help industry is built on the idea that you should turn negative thoughts like “I never do anything right” into positive ones 
like “I can succeed.” But was positive thinking advocate Norman Vincent Peale right? Is there power in positive thinking?
Researchers in Canada just published a study in the journal Psychological Science that says trying to get people to think more positively can actually have the opposite effect: it can simply highlight how unhappy they are.
The study’s authors, Joanne Wood and John Lee of the University of Waterloo and Elaine Perunovic of the University of New Brunswick, begin by citing older research showing that when people get feedback which they believe is very positive, they actually feel worse, not better. If you tell your stupid friend that he has the potential of an Einstein, you’re just underlining his faults. In one 1990s experiment, a team including psychologist Joel Cooper of Princeton asked participants to write essays opposing funding for the disabled. When the essayists were later praised for their sympathy, they felt even worse about what they had written.
In this experiment, Wood, Lee and Perunovic measured 68 students’ self-esteem. The participants were then asked to write down their thoughts and feelings for four minutes. Every 15 seconds, one group of students heard a bell. When it rang, they were supposed to tell themselves, “I am lovable.”
Those with low self-esteem didn’t feel better after the forced self-affirmation. In fact, their moods turned significantly darker than those of members of the control group, who weren’t urged to think positive thoughts.
The paper provides support for newer forms of psychotherapy (心理治疗) that urge people to accept their negative thoughts and feelings rather than fight them. In the fighting, we not only often fail but can make things worse. Meditation techniques, in contrast, can teach people to put their shortcomings into a larger, more realistic perspective. Call it the power of negative thinking.
【小题1】What do we learn from the first paragraph about the self-help industry?
| A．It has produced positive results. |
| B．It is a highly profitable industry. |
| C．It is based on the concept of positive thinking. |
| D．It was established by Norman Vincent Peale. |
| A．point out | B．lay emphasis on | C．pay no attention to | D．take for granted |
| A．Encouraging positive thinking many do more good than harm. |
| B．Self-affirmation can bring a positive change to one’s mood. |
| C．There can be no simple therapy for psychological problems. |
| D．Forcing a person to think positive thoughts may lower their self-esteem. |
| A．Meditation may prove to be a good form of psychotherapy. |
| B．People can avoid making mistakes through meditation. |
| C．Different people tend to have different ways of thinking. |
| D．The effects of positive thinking vary from person to person. |
Condoleezza Rice is used to standing out. It is not only because she holds the position as U.S. Secretary of State. Her youth, gender and skin color have 36 a lot of attention throughout her political career.
Condoleezza Rice, 37 as Condi to her close friends, was born in 1954 in Birmingham. During 1950s,blacks were not treated as 38 citizens in the south. Although slavery was 39 in 1865,the southern states passed their own laws to continue the 40 of blacks and whites. Despite the discrimination 41 black people, her parents told her she could become? 42 she wanted. They taught her to believe that great things were 43 for her.
Rice was a gifted student with a 44 for the piano and she entered college at the age of 15 with the 45 of becoming a concert pianist. Along the way she was 46 by political? scientist Josef Korbel, the father of former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. Rice 47 her plans and studied international politics, and in the 1980s she was teaching at Stanford University, 48 her career developed quickly. She 49 on George H. Bush's national security council(顾问) in 1989.Later she 50 to Stanford, and became its youngest, first female and first 51 provost after two years.
In 2001,Rice re-entered the political world, 52 George W. Bush's national security advisor. She has drawn international 53 in this position, and has been the most powerful national security advisors in American 54 .
She held this position until 2005,when 55 Secretary of State.
36.A. directed B. turned C. paid D. attracted?
37.A. known B. Considered C. Seen D. accepted?
38.A. respectful B. equal C. different D. noble?
39.A. finished B. Stopped C. Prevented D. ended?
40.A. difference B. disagreement C. separation D. division?
41.A. against B. to C. with D. towards?
42.A. whoever B. whomever C. whatever D. whichever?
43.A. desiring B. waiting C. preparing D. longing?
44.A. talent B. interest C. hobby D. favourite?
45.A. purpose B. goal C. intention D. attention?
46.A. effected B. affected C. impressed D. influenced?
47.A. changed B. postponed C. cancelled D. exchanged?
48.A. which B. where C. when D. that?
49.A. acted B. waited C. served D. called?
50.A. paid a visit B. showed concern C. attended D. returned?
51.A. black B. white C. capable D. efficient?
52.A. turning B. holding C. becoming D. taking?
53.A. praise B. approval C. criticism D. attention?
54.A. politics B. history C. culture D. government?
55.A. elected B. invited C. appointed D. succeeded??
查看习题详情和答案>>Condoleezza Rice is used to standing out. It is not only because she holds the position as U.S. Secretary of State. Her youth, gender and skin color have 36 a lot of attention throughout her political career.
Condoleezza Rice, 37 as Condi to her close friends, was born in 1954 in Birmingham. During 1950s,blacks were not treated as 38 citizens in the south. Although slavery was 39 in 1865,the southern states passed their own laws to continue the 40 of blacks and whites. Despite the discrimination 41 black people, her parents told her she could become? 42 she wanted. They taught her to believe that great things were 43 for her.
Rice was a gifted student with a 44 for the piano and she entered college at the age of 15 with the 45 of becoming a concert pianist. Along the way she was 46 by political? scientist Josef Korbel, the father of former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. Rice 47 her plans and studied international politics, and in the 1980s she was teaching at Stanford University, 48 her career developed quickly. She 49 on George H. Bush's national security council(顾问) in 1989.Later she 50 to Stanford, and became its youngest, first female and first 51 provost after two years.
In 2001,Rice re-entered the political world, 52 George W. Bush's national security advisor. She has drawn international 53 in this position, and has been the most powerful national security advisors in American 54 .
She held this position until 2005,when 55 Secretary of State.
36.A. directed B. turned C. paid D. attracted?
37.A. known B. Considered C. Seen D. accepted?
38.A. respectful B. equal C. different D. noble?
39.A. finished B. Stopped C. Prevented D. ended?
40.A. difference B. disagreement C. separation D. division?
41.A. against B. to C. with D. towards?
42.A. whoever B. whomever C. whatever D. whichever?
43.A. desiring B. waiting C. preparing D. longing?
44.A. talent B. interest C. hobby D. favourite?
45.A. purpose B. goal C. intention D. attention?
46.A. effected B. affected C. impressed D. influenced?
47.A. changed B. postponed C. cancelled D. exchanged?
48.A. which B. where C. when D. that?
49.A. acted B. waited C. served D. called?
50.A. paid a visit B. showed concern C. attended D. returned?
51.A. black B. white C. capable D. efficient?
52.A. turning B. holding C. becoming D. taking?
53.A. praise B. approval C. criticism D. attention?
54.A. politics B. history C. culture D. government?
55.A. elected B. invited C. appointed D. succeeded??
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(注意：每空格1个单词)
WASHINGTON－According to statistics compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, 72 officers were killed by criminals in 2011, increased markedly in recently years．
The 2011 deaths were the first time that more officers were killed by suspects than car accidents．The number was the highest in nearly two decades, excluding those who died in the Sept．11 attacks in 2001 and the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995．
While the F．B．I．and other law enforcement(执行)officials cannot fully explain the reasons for the rise in officer homicides, they are clear about the terrible consequences．
“In this law enforcement job, when you pin this badge on and go out on calls, when you leave home, you can't guarantee that you will come back,” said Sheriff Ray Foster of Buchanan County, Va．
After a series of killings in early 2011, Attorney General Eric H．Holder Jr．asked federal authorities to work with local police departments to try to come up with solutions to the problem．
The F．B．I．, which has tracked officer deaths since 1937, paid for a study conducted by John Jay College that found that in many cases the officers were trying to arrest or stop a suspect who had previously been arrested for a violent crime．
That prompted the F．B．I．to change what information it will provide to local police departments, the officials said．Starting this year, when police officers stop a car and call its license plate into the F．B．I．'s database, they will be told whether the owner of the vehicle has a violent history．Through the first three months of this year, the number of police fatalities has dropped, though it is unclear why．
Some law enforcement officials believe that techniques pioneered by the New York Police Department over the past two decades and adopted by other departments may have put officers at greater risk by encouraging them to conduct more street stops and to seek out and confront(对抗)suspects who seem likely to be armed．In New York and elsewhere, police officials moved more officers into crime-ridden areas．
Some argue that the rise in violence is linked to the tough economy．With less money, police departments, after years of staffing increases, have been forced to make cutbacks(削减)．
The police chief in Camden, N．J．, J．Scott Thomson, whose force of 400 was cut by nearly half last year because of financing issues, said that having fewer officers on the street “makes it that much more difficult to create an environment in which criminals do not feel as encouraged to attack another person, let alone a law enforcement officer．”
“Every stop can be potentially fatal, so we are trying to make sure the officers are ready and prepared to face deadly force every single day they go out．” Ms．Klimt said．
When we talk about a bad man, we like to call him a “wolf”.But is it really true that the wolf stands for devil and ugliness.?
Have you read the book “The Wolf Totem” by a famous writer Jiang Rong, which tells the story of the relationship between wolves and human beings? Have you ever ? 36 ? the wolves' world? If you had, you would ? 37 ? the wolves.?
In the book, wolves are heroes on the large grassland. They know more about ? 38 ? than humans. They can attack lambs without disturbing their mothers. They also know how to ? 39 ? full use of the shape of land to ? 40 ? sheep. I believe that if wolves were humans, they would be ? 41 ? experts good at fighting.?
The wolf is a kind of special creature that can deeply understand ? 42 ?.Each wolf serves its group with its heart and soul. A ? 43 ? wolf has little power, but a pack of wolves ? 44 ? nothing. All the wolves obey the rules.? 45 ? they are defeated, they run away together. It is their teamwork ? 46 ? makes wolves powerful.?
The wolves also have great self?respect and won't ? 47 ? to anyone. The writer, who wrote the book “The Wolf Totem”,? 48 ? stole a one-month-old baby wolf and raised it very carefully. To his ? 49 ?,he found the little wolf still wanted to go back with ? 50 ? wolves. He bit through the iron chain that limited him. The wolf was ? 51 ? and he never gave in, fighting ? 52 ? his death. The little wolf died as a glorious fighter.?
I was shocked by this kind of ? 53 ?:wolves are one of the most respected creatures on earth. I want everyone to look at wolves in a ? 54 ? way. They are our teachers. They show us how to survive and ? 55 ? in this not simple and dangerous world. Please honor the wolves, please honor all these heroes of nature!
36. A. thought about B. walked into C. talked about D. cared for?
37. A. hunt B. admire C. draw D. watch
38. A. space B. spot C. food D. survival?
39. A. get B. take C. Have D. make?
40. A. fight B. avoid C. Trap D. discover?
41. A. special B. imaginative C. Outstanding D. creative?
42. A. operation B. teamwork C. lifestyle D. control
43. A. single B. brave C. lonely D. fair?
44. A. fight B. struggle C. fear D. fail
45. A. As for B. As though C. Even so D. Even if?
46. A. what B. he C. That D. one?
47. A. turn in B. give in C. take in D. break in?
48. A. once B. just C. Soon D. only?
49. A. satisfaction B. disappointment C. pleasure D. sorrow
50. A. rest B. others C. Another D. the other
51. A. proud B. satisfied C. Willing D. eager
52. A. until B. although C. before D. unless
53. A. selflessness B. self-confidence C. self-respect D. self-protection
54. A. curious B. different C. strange D. humorous?
55. A. walk B. hand C. get D. succeed
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