Exchange a glance with someone, and then look away. Do you realize that you have made a statement? Hold the glance for a second longer and you have made a different statement. Hold it for 3 seconds, and the meaning has changed again. For every social situation, there is a permissible time that you can hold a person’s stare without being friendly, rude, or aggressive. If you are on a lift, what stare-time are you permitted? To answer this question, consider what you typically do. You very likely give other passengers a quick glance to size them up and to assure them that you mean no harm. Since being close to another person signals the possibility of interaction, you need to send out a signal telling others you want to be left alone. So you cut off eye contacts. That is what sociologist Erving Goffiman calls “a dimming of the lights”. You look down at the floor, at the indicator lights, anywhere but into another passenger’s eyes. Should you break the rule against staring at a stranger on a lift, you will make the other person extremely uncomfortable, and you are likely to feel a bit strange yourself.

　　If you hold eye contacts for more than 3 seconds, what are you telling another person? Much depends on the person and the situation. For instance, a man and a woman communicate interest in this manner. They stare at each other for about 3 seconds at a time, and then drop their eyes down for 3 seconds, before letting their eyes meet again. But if one man gives another man a 3-second-plus stare, he signals, “I know you”, “I am interested in you” or “You look peculiar and I am curious about you.” This type of stare often produces hostile feelings.

　　60. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that ______.

　　A. every glance has its significance

　　B. a glance carries more meaning than words

　　C. a stare longer than 3 seconds is unacceptable

　　D. staring at a person is an expression of interest

　　61. If you want to be left alone on a lift the best thing to do is ______.

　　A. to look into another passenger’s eyes

　　B. to keep a distance from other passengers

　　C. to avoid eye contacts with other passengers

　　D. to signal you don’t mean to do harm to anyone

　　62. By “a dimming of the lights”, Erving Goffiman means ______.

　　A. closing one’s eyes 　　　　　　　　B. turning off the lights

　　C. stopping glancing at others 　　　　D. reducing stare-time to the minimum

　　63. The passage mainly discusses ______.

　　A. the limitations of eye contacts

　　B. the exchange of ideas through eye contacts

　　C. proper behavior in different situations in people’s daily life

　　D. the role of eye contacts in communication between people

Cloze   (15分)

Directions: for each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

If you travel around the world, you will be surprised to find just how different the foreign customs can be __50__ your own.

A visitor to India would do well to remember that people there __51__ it impolite to use the left hand for passing food at table. The left hand is supposed to be __52__for washing yourself. Also in India, you might __53__a man obviously shaking his head at another and assume that he is disagreeing. But in many __54__ of India a shake of the head is a gesture that shows agreement or acceptance. Nodding your head when you are offered a __55__ in Bulgaria is likely to leave your thirsty. In that country you shake your head to indicate “yes”—a nod indicates “no”. The Arabs are __56__ for their hospitality (好客). At a meal in the Arabic countries, you will find that drinking vessel (器皿) is filled again __57__again as soon as you drain it. The way to __58__ that you have had enough is to take the cup or glass in your hand and give it a little shake from side to side or place your hand over the top.

In Europe it is quite usual to __59__ your legs when sitting talking to someone, even at an important meeting. Doing this when meeting an important person in Thailand, however, could __60__ him or her unhappy. It is considered too informal an attitude __61__ such an occasion. Also when in Thailand you are __62__ supposed to touch the head of an adult – it’s just not done. In Japan, it is quite usual for __63__ to plan evening entertainment for themselves and leave their wives at home. In Europe such attitudes are disappearing.

Customs vary from country to __64__. Visitors may be at a loss as to what to do in a foreign environment. In such circumstances, the rule is: When in Rome, do as Romans do.

How to Be a Winner

Sir Steven Redgrave  

Winner of 5 Olympic Gold Medals  

“In 1997 I was found to have developed diabetes （糖尿病） . Believing my career （职业生涯）was over, I felt extremely low. Then one of the specialists said there was no reason why I should stop training and competing. That was it----the encouragement I needed. I could still be a winner if I believed in myself. I am not saying that it isn’t difficult sometimes. But I wanted to prove to myself that I wasn’t finished yet. Nothing is to stand in my way.”  

Karen Pickering  

Swimming World Champion  

“I swim 4 hours a day, 6 days a week. I manage that sort of workload by putting it on top of my diary. This is the key to success―you can’t follow a career in any field without being well-organized. List what you believe you can achieve. “Trust yourself, write down your goals for the day, however small they are, and you’ll be a step closer to achieving them.”  

Kirsten Best  

Poet ＆ Writer  

“When things are getting hard, a voice inside my head tells me that I can’t achieve something. Then, there are other distractions, such as family or hobbies. The key is to concentrate. When I feel tense, it helps a lot to repeat words such as ‘calm’, ‘peace’ or ‘focus’, either out loud or silently in my mind. It makes me feel more in control and increases my confidence. This is a habit that can become second nature quite easily and is a powerful psychological （心理的） tool.”  

 　　60. What does Sir Steven Redgrave mainly talk about?

　　A. Difficulties influenced his career.

　　B. Specialists offered him medical advice.

　　C. Training helped him defeat his disease.

　　D. He overcame the shadow of illness to win.

　　61. What does Karen Pickering put on top of her diary?

　　A. Her training schedule.

　　B. Her daily happenings.

　　C. Her achievements.

　　D. Her sports career.

　　62.What does the underlined word “distractions” probably refer to？

　　A. Ways that help one to focus.

　　B. Words that help one to feel less tense.

　　C. Activities that turn one's attention away.

　　D. Habits that make it hard for one to relax.

　　63. According to the passage ,what do the three people have in common?

　　A. Courage.

　　B. Devotion.

　　C. Hard work.

　　D. Self-confidence.

B
　　Fever has usually been regarded as a threat to health.However,no one has actually proved that fever is dangerous.This fact attracted the attention of Matthew J.Kluger.Imagining that fever might not be as harmful as it had been supposed,Kluger set up a series of experiments with lizards(蜥蜴).
　　What Kluger and his team did his team did in their first experiment was simple.They put some lizards in a sand-box,one end of which was heated to 44℃,while the other was at a room temperature.It was found that the lizards moved form one part of the box to the other in order to keep a constant temperature of about 38℃.Having shown that normal lizards regulate(调节) their own temperature,Kuger,in a second experiment,then set out to show that lizards,like most other animals,develop fever when infected.This was done by making lizards infected with bacteria (细菌) that were known to cause disease.As the team expected,the infected lizards remained longer in the heated part of the box,until they had raised their body temperatures to two or three degrees above normal.In other words,the sick lizards gave themselves fever.
　　In a third experiment,the team observed the effect of temperature on the survival of the lizards.One group of infected lizards was given a fever - suppressing(退烧) drug.The other group was given no drug and ran a fever,that is to say,they kept a highter temperature for four or five days before seeking a cooler environment.The results were impressive.Of those which raised their body temperature,all but one remained alive.Of those given the fever - suppressing drug,more than half died.Similar results have since been produced in other animals.For example,infeced fish swim to warmer water,and will die if not allowed to do so.
　　An important conclusion can be drawn from these experiments.As Kluger points out,lizards have been on earth for hundreds of millions of years.It is reasonable to suppose that a response that is so old has been kept by nature for some purpose.It would appear, therefore, that fever does not make disease worse.Rather it its part of the mechanism(机能) by which infection is controlled.
　　60.In his experiments,Kluger was hoping to prove that fever ________.
　　　A.is not harmful to lizards
　　　B.is not necessarily bad
　　　C.is necessary for both humans and animals
　　　D.has the same effect on humans and animals
　　61.The lizards put in the sand - box in the first experiment _____.
　　　A.had a fever B.were not sick C.recovered from disease D.died of heat
　　62.In the third experiment,the lizards given a fever - suppressing drug died because _____.
　　　A.they had no more fever that they needed
　　　B.they were normal ones and had no fever
　　　C.the drug had no iffect on sick lizards
　　　D.the drug made their body temperature too low
　　63.How would you understand the underlined words"a response" in the last paragraph?
　　　A.Gause of disease. B.Recovery from disease.
　　　C.Relationship between living D.Natural defense in the body against disease.

　　　
B　　
When I was small and my grandmother died I couldn’t understand why I had no tears. But that night when my dad tried to cheer me up, my laugh turned into crying.　　
So it came as no surprise to learn that researchers believe crying and laughing come from the same part of the brain. Just as laughing has many health advantages, scientists are discovering that crying does so, too.　　
Whatever it takes for us to reduce pressure is important to our emotional (情感的) health, and crying seems to be helpful. Study found that 85 percent of women and 73 percent of men report feeling better after crying.　　
Besides, tears attract help from other people. Researchers agree that when we cry, people around us become kinder and more friendly and they are more ready to provide support and comfort. Tears also enable us to understand our emotions better; sometimes we don’t even know we’re very sad until we cry. We learn about our emotions through crying, and then we can deal with them.　　
Just as crying can be healthy, not crying — holding back tears of anger, pain or suffering — can be bad for physical health. Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high blood pressure, heart problems and some other illnesses. If you have a health problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you feel like crying, don’t fight it. It’s a natural — and healthy — emotional response (反应).　　
59.   Why didn’t the author cry when her grandmother died?　　
A. Because her father did not want her to feel too sad.　　
B. Because she did not love her grandmother.　　
C. Because she was too shy to cry at that time.　　
D. The author doesn’t give the explanation.　　
60.   It can be inferred from the text that ______.　　
A. there are two ways to keep healthy　　
B. crying does more good to health than laughing　　
C. crying and laughing play the same roles　　
D. emotional health has a close relationship to physical health　　
61.   According to the author, which of the following statements is TRUE?　　
A. Crying is the best way to get help from others.　　
B. Fighting back tears may cause some health problems.　　
C. We will never know our deep feelings unless we cry.　　
D. We must cry if we want to reduce pressure.　　
62.   What might be the most suitable title for the text?　　
A. Power of Tears                               B. How to Keep Healthy　　
C. Why Do We Cry                         D. A New Scientific Discovery