I keep hammering this because I keep seeing people who don’t do it．

1．Look up English to Elvish．

2．Look up the Elvish word in the best Elvish dictionary you have, and, preferably, find out the context in Tolkien’s language dictionary．

3．Change the word to suit rules of grammar: singular or plural, mutations, verb tenses, etc．

       You cannot leave out any of these steps．If you do, you’re almost certain to have errors．Why you have to do step 2:

       Languages never match up one- to-one．English and Elvish are closer than usual, but there are still problems．And English has strange idioms: why are there no baths or beds in public bathrooms or restrooms? You can’t translate literally．You have to understand the meaning behind each word．

       In Elvish this is even more true, since our dictionaries contain more or less questionable reconstructions, and words that Tolkien later threw away or replaced．Find the best one you can．

       Consider the word “fair”．We tend to use it to mean “just”．Tolkien tends to use it to mean “beautiful”．In Elvish, these are two entirely different words．So when you look up “fair”, you’ll have to go to the Elvish dictionary to see that you’ve got the right one．

       Consider the nightmare of He left the bar．Is “left” the opposite of “right” （which also has two meanings） ? Is “bar” extruded steel（型材钢）, or something to do with law? You have to know what words mean in both languages．

       And you’d be amazed at how many people ignore step 3, forgetting that language is more than a string of words, and there are rules about how to fit those words together．You can’t simply look up the word “I” and use it everywhere．Sometimes you need “me” or “my”．There’s a reason it takes a while to learn a language: you have to learn the rules．

       It drives me completely mad when people give a questionable translation they insist is right because “it’s in the dictionary”．A dictionary is a tool, a resource．but its entries（词目）should not be mistaken for a finished product．They are raw materials．

The underlined word “this” in paragraph 1 refers to         ．

       A．consulting the dictionaries when translating between languages

       B．finding out the true meaning in context

       C．ignoring the rules of grammar

       D．leaving out some of the three steps the author mentions

According to the author, you have to do step 2 because         ．

       A．you have to understand the meaning behind each word

       B．Elvish and English are quite different in forms

       C．there are no baths or beds in public bathrooms

       D．Elvish has some words which are hard to find

Grammar is also very important because it         ．

       A．helps fit the words together   B．takes a while to learn a language

       C．is a rule to obey       D．is often forgotten in translating

In the last paragraph, the author shows         ．

       A．his impatience to those who insist their wrong translation is right

       B．his puzzle to the questionable translation

       C．the importance of the correct use of dictionaries

       D．the mistaken entries in the dictionaries

The passage is mainly about how to         ．

       A．learn a foreign language with a dictionary

       B．avoid errors when looking up a dictionary

       C．understand the meaning of a strange word

       D．use a dictionary to translate between languages

第二节 短文改错（共10小题，每题1.5分，满分15分）
此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标题号的每一行作出判断：如无错误，在该行右边横线上画一个勾(√)；如有错误(每行只有一个错误)，则按下列情况改正：
此行多一个词：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉，在该行右边横线上写出该词，并也用斜线(\)划掉。
此行缺一个词：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。
此行错一个词：在错的词下划一横线，在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。注意：原行没有错的不要改。
Dear Sally,
Now I' d like to tell you something about my part-time job this   76.________
summer vacation, in which I worked like a guide in a travel agency.   77.________
The work was interesting but tired. I think it was helpful to work this 78.________
holiday. That was the first time that I have earned money on my own. 79.________
I've come to understand how hard my parents work to support for     80.________
the family. I used to keep on ask them for money, but now I' 11 never   81.________
waste money and learn to share worries with my parent. I've learnt how  82.________
to get along well with others. What' s worse, I' ve gained some working  83.________
and social experience and I have learnt something can't be learnt from  84.________
textbooks. All this will be good for my future. In the word, I had a    85.________
wonderful and valuable summer vacation.

此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标有题号的每一行作出判断：如无错误，在该

行右边横线上画一个勾(√)；如有错误(每行只有一个错误)，则按下列情况改正：

此行多一个词：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉，在该行右边横线上写出该词，并也用斜线划掉。

    此行缺一个词：在缺词处加一个漏字符号()，在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。

    此行错一个词：在错的词下划一横线，在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。

    注意：原行没有错的不要改

Dear Sally,

Now I’d like to tell you something about my part-time job in this                1.___________

summer vacation, in which I worked like a guide in a travel agency.         2.__________

The work was interesting but tired. I think it was helpful to work this       3.___________

holiday. This was the first time that I have earned money on my own.      4.___________

I’ve come to understand how hard my parents work to support for          5._________

the family . I used to keep on ask them for money, but now I’ll never       6.__________

waste money and learn to share worry with my parent. I’ve learnt how 7. ___________

to get along well with others. What’s worse, I’ve gained some working 8._________

and social experience and I have learnt something can’t be learnt from      9.___________

textbooks. All this will be good for my future. In the word, I had a            10.__________

wonderful and valuable summer vacation.

第二节 短文改错（共10小题，每题1.5分，满分15分）

此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标题号的每一行作出判断：如无错误，在该行右边横线上画一个勾(√)；如有错误(每行只有一个错误)，则按下列情况改正：

此行多一个词：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉，在该行右边横线上写出该词，并也用斜线(\)划掉。

此行缺一个词：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。

此行错一个词：在错的词下划一横线，在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。注意：原行没有错的不要改。

Dear Sally,

Now I' d like to tell you something about my part-time job this   76.________

summer vacation, in which I worked like a guide in a travel agency.   77.________

The work was interesting but tired. I think it was helpful to work this 78.________

holiday. That was the first time that I have earned money on my own. 79.________

I've come to understand how hard my parents work to support for     80.________

the family. I used to keep on ask them for money, but now I' 11 never   81.________

waste money and learn to share worries with my parent. I've learnt how  82.________

to get along well with others. What' s worse, I' ve gained some working  83.________

and social experience and I have learnt something can't be learnt from  84.________

textbooks. All this will be good for my future. In the word, I had a    85.________

wonderful and valuable summer vacation.

I keep hammering this because I keep seeing people who don’t do it.

1. Look up English to Elvish.

2. Look up the Elvish word in the best Elvish dictionary you have, and, preferably, find out the context（上下文） in Tolkien’s language dictionary.

3. Change the word to suit rules of grammar: singular or plural, mutations, verb tenses, etc.

You cannot leave out any of these steps. If you do, you’re almost certain to have errors. Why you have to do step 2:

Languages never match up one- to-one. English and Elvish are closer than usual, but there are still problems. And English has strange idioms: why are there no baths or beds in public bathrooms or restrooms? You can’t translate literally（逐字地）. You have to understand the meaning behind each word.

In Elvish this is even more true, since our dictionaries contain more or less questionable reconstructions, and words that Tolkien later threw away or replaced. Find the best one you can.

Consider the word “fair”. We tend to use it to mean “just”. Tolkien tends to use it to mean “beautiful”. In Elvish, these are two entirely different words. So when you look up “fair”, you’ll have to go to the Elvish dictionary to see that you’ve got the right one.

Consider the nightmare（噩梦） of He left the bar. Is “left” the opposite of “right” （which also has two meanings） ? Is “bar” extruded steel（型材钢）, or something to do with law? You have to know what words mean in both languages.

And you’d be amazed at how many people ignore step 3, forgetting that language is more than a string of words, and there are rules about how to fit those words together. You can’t simply look up the word “I” and use it everywhere. Sometimes you need “me” or “my”. There’s a reason it takes a while to learn a language: you have to learn the rules.

It drives me completely mad when people give a questionable translation they insist is right because “it’s in the dictionary”. A dictionary is a tool, a resource. but its entries（词目）should not be mistaken for a finished product. They are raw materials.

1.The underlined word “this” in paragraph 1 refers to         .

A. consulting the dictionaries when translating between languages

B. finding out the true meaning in context

C. ignoring the rules of grammar

D. leaving out some of the three steps the author mentions

2. According to the author, you have to do step 2 because         .

A. you have to understand the meaning behind each word

B. Elvish and English are quite different in forms

C. there are no baths or beds in public bathrooms

D. Elvish has some words which are hard to find

3.Grammar is also very important because it         .

A. helps fit the words together

B. takes a while to learn a language

C. is a rule to obey

D. is often forgotten in translating

4.In the last paragraph, the author shows         .

A. his impatience to those who insist their wrong translation is right

B. his puzzle to the questionable translation

C. the importance of the correct use of dictionaries

D. the mistaken entries in the dictionaries

5. The passage is mainly about how to         .

A. learn a foreign language with a dictionary

B. avoid errors when looking up a dictionary

C. understand the meaning of a strange word

D. use a dictionary to translate between languages