摘要：D Before the 1850’s the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small church-connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students. Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In Germany, a different kind university had developed. The German university was connected primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between mid-century and the end of 1800’s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them returned to become presidents of respectable colleges-Harvard, Yale, Columbia-and transform them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars. Drilling and learning by heart were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor’s own research was presented in class. Graduate training leading to the PhD, and ancient German degree indicating the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment , was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate students learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research. At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old course of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own courses of study. The idea of major fields of study appeared. The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real occupations of the world. Paying close attention to the practical needs of society, the new university trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new social system. Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers and teachers. 75. The passage is mainly about - A. college education B. the training of qualified university presidents C. the beginning of modern universities in the US D. universities in Germany 76. According to the passage, the seminar system encouraged students to . A. discuss moral issue B. study the classics, rhetoric and music C. study overseas D. work more independently 77. The word “transform in the 2nd paragraph is closest in meaning to “ . A. translate B. transfer C. change D. transport 78. Those who favored the new university would be most likely to agree . A. learning is best achieved through discipline and drill B. shaping the moral character of students should be the goal C. higher education should prepare students to contribute to society D. teachers should select their students’ course

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