A four-year study of 200 college students found that those who drink heavily and started drinking at an early age demonstrate poor decision-making skills, just like long-term, chronic(长期的) alcoholics. Researchers at the University of Missouri-Columbia believe early onset binge drinking negatively affects psychological development.

The researches examined college students between the ages of 18 and 22. After three years, they tested them using the Iowa Gambling Test, which measures the tendency to make immediate (disadvantageous) or long-term (advantageous) choices.

Based on the students’ reported drinking habits, they were grouped into four categories: low binge drinkers, moderate binge drinkers, increasing binge drinkers and stable or high binge drinkers.

“Students in the stable or high alcohol use category, who had longer histories of binge drinking, made riskier and less advantageous choices, which reflect problems associated with planning for the future,” the researchers reported.

The study also found that only students who started binge drinking when they were younger showed impairment on the task.

“There is reason to think that heavy binge drinking during adolescence, when the brain is still rapidly developing, may have some negative legacy (遗传) on psychological development,” said Kenneth J. Sher of MU’s Midwest Alcoholism Research Center in a news release. “The interesting thing is that if we were to just look at binge drinkers and how impaired they are in the decision-making process as juniors, we’d really be obscuring(使模糊) the important issue, which is how long they’ve been binge drinkers and / or how early they started.”

1.What does the passage mainly tell us?

A．Four categories of heavy drinkers.

B．Heavy drinking affects college students.

C．Early onset binge drinkers are poor at decision-making.

D．People drinking at an early age will develop into binge drinkers.

2.Which category would make the most disadvantageous choice?

A．Low binge drinkers                      B．moderate binge drinkers

C．Increasing binge drinkers                 D．Stable binge drinkers

3.Early onset binge drinking negatively affects psychological development because _______.

A．adolescent students were not suitable for drinking

B．drinking too much will slow the growth of the brain

C．the brain has not fully developed during adolescence

D．drinking will make the students make dangerous choices

4.What Kenneth J. Sher says suggests that _______.

A．he is quite clear about what the important issue is

B．if binger drinkers started late, there would be no bad effect

C．the important issue is how impaired the students are in decision-making

D．only early binge drinkers will have their decision-making ability affected

A four-year study of 200 college students found that those who drink heavily and started drinking at an early age demonstrate poor decision-making skills, just like long-term, chronic(长期的) alcoholics. Researchers at the University of Missouri-Columbia believe early onset binge drinking negatively affects psychological development.
The researches examined college students between the ages of 18 and 22. After three years, they tested them using the Iowa Gambling Test, which measures the tendency to make immediate (disadvantageous) or long-term (advantageous) choices.
Based on the students’ reported drinking habits, they were grouped into four categories: low binge drinkers, moderate binge drinkers, increasing binge drinkers and stable or high binge drinkers.
“Students in the stable or high alcohol use category, who had longer histories of binge drinking, made riskier and less advantageous choices, which reflect problems associated with planning for the future,” the researchers reported.
The study also found that only students who started binge drinking when they were younger showed impairment on the task.
“There is reason to think that heavy binge drinking during adolescence, when the brain is still rapidly developing, may have some negative legacy (遗传) on psychological development,” said Kenneth J. Sher of MU’s Midwest Alcoholism Research Center in a news release. “The interesting thing is that if we were to just look at binge drinkers and how impaired they are in the decision-making process as juniors, we’d really be obscuring(使模糊) the important issue, which is how long they’ve been binge drinkers and / or how early they started.”
【小题1】What does the passage mainly tell us?

A four-year study of 200 college students found that those who drink heavily and started drinking at an early age demonstrate poor decision-making skills, just like long-term, chronic(长期的) alcoholics. Researchers at the University of Missouri-Columbia believe early onset binge drinking negatively affects psychological development.
The researches examined college students between the ages of 18 and 22. After three years, they tested them using the Iowa Gambling Test, which measures the tendency to make immediate (disadvantageous) or long-term (advantageous) choices.
Based on the students’ reported drinking habits, they were grouped into four categories: low binge drinkers, moderate binge drinkers, increasing binge drinkers and stable or high binge drinkers.
“Students in the stable or high alcohol use category, who had longer histories of binge drinking, made riskier and less advantageous choices, which reflect problems associated with planning for the future,” the researchers reported.
The study also found that only students who started binge drinking when they were younger showed impairment on the task.
“There is reason to think that heavy binge drinking during adolescence, when the brain is still rapidly developing, may have some negative legacy (遗传) on psychological development,” said Kenneth J. Sher of MU’s Midwest Alcoholism Research Center in a news release. “The interesting thing is that if we were to just look at binge drinkers and how impaired they are in the decision-making process as juniors, we’d really be obscuring(使模糊) the important issue, which is how long they’ve been binge drinkers and / or how early they started.”

1. 1.

   What does the passage mainly tell us?

   1. A.
      Four categories of heavy drinkers
   2. B.
      Heavy drinking affects college students
   3. C.
      Early onset binge drinkers are poor at decision-making
   4. D.
      People drinking at an early age will develop into binge drinkers
2. 2.

   Which category would make the most disadvantageous choice?

   1. A.
      Low binge drinkers
   2. B.
      moderate binge drinkers
   3. C.
      Increasing binge drinkers
   4. D.
      Stable binge drinkers
3. 3.

   Early onset binge drinking negatively affects psychological development because _______

   1. A.
      adolescent students were not suitable for drinking
   2. B.
      drinking too much will slow the growth of the brain
   3. C.
      the brain has not fully developed during adolescence
   4. D.
      drinking will make the students make dangerous choices
4. 4.

   What Kenneth J. Sher says suggests that _______

   1. A.
      he is quite clear about what the important issue is
   2. B.
      if binger drinkers started late, there would be no bad effect
   3. C.
      the important issue is how impaired the students are in decision-making
   4. D.
      only early binge drinkers will have their decision-making ability affected

 Brazil has become one of the developing world’s great successes at reducing population growth, but more by accident than design. While countries such as India have made joint efforts to reduce birth rates, Brazil has had better result without really trying, says George Martine at Harvard.

　　Brazil’s population growth rate has dropped from 2.99% a year between 1951 and 1960 to 1.93% a year between 1981 and 1990, and Brazilian women now have only 2.7 children on average. Martine says this figure may have fallen still further since 1990, an achievement that makes it the envy of many other Third World countries.

　　Martine puts it down to, among other things, soap operas (通俗电视连续剧) and installment (分期付款) plans introduced in the 1970s. Both played an important, although indirect, role in lowering the birth rate. Brazil is one of the world’s biggest producers of soap operas. Globo, Brazil’s most popular television network, shows three hours of soaps six nights a week, while three others show at least one hour a night. Most soaps are based on wealthy characters living the high life in big cities.

　　“Although they have never really tried to work in a message towards the problems of reproduction, they describe middle and upper class values-not many children, different attitudes towards life, women working,” says Martine. “They sent this image to all parts of Brazil and made people aware of other patterns of behavior and other values, which were put into a very attractive package.”

1.According to the passage, Brazil has cut back its population growth _____.

2.What can you infer from the passage about many Third World countries ?

3.Soap operas have helped in lowering Brazil’s birth rate because ______.

单词拼写（共15小题, 每小题1分，满分15分）

1.There are strong _____________(论据)against these measures.

2.I tried to fix the __________(设备)but I failed.

3.I’m sure that the word “friend” must ______(存在) in every language and in some ways it is a very easy word to understand.

4.He did the work under his teacher's ____________. (指导)

5.Take _________ (积极的)action and help make your neighborhood a better place to live in!

6.It may rain, but a_________ I shall finish the work today.

7. ---What’s our homework for today, Peter?   ---Sorry, I wasn’t c__________

8.You've been working all morning---you d __________a rest.

9.The fact that the 1 yuan fee goes to charity(慈善) may also encourage them to d_______ to good causes.

10.Once we are college students, we should learn to be i_______ of our parents' help.

11.He told me that the firm could not a________ to pay such large salaries.

12.On the way, a young man waved to me. I stopped and he asked me for a l_______.

13.As usual, the police will have a difficult time. They will be trying to keep order. It is always the same on these o__________.

14.He’ll be away for two months. We are p______ of him. He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic.

15.The instrument was bought by my grandfather many years ago. R______ it was damaged by a visitor.