Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation（感觉） of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.
Psychologists have known that one person’s perception（感知） of another’s “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration, even trumping evidence that a “cold” person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies’ conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle. Harlow’s work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills.
Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.
To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study’s hypotheses（假设）, handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form: The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of “Person A” based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.
“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh.
【小题1】
According to Paragraph 1, a person’s emotion may be affected by ______.

Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation（感觉）of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.

Psychologists have known that one person’s perception（感知）of another’s “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration, even trumping evidence that a “cold” person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies’ conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle. Harlow’s work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills.

Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.

To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study’s hypotheses（假设）, handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form. The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of “Person A” based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.

“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh.

1.According to Paragraph 1, a person’s emotion may be affected by ______.

A．the visitors to his office                   B．the psychology lessons he has

C．his physical feeling of coldness             D．the things he has bought online

2.The author mentions Harlow’s experiment to show that ______.

A．adults should develop social skills           B．babies need warm physical contact

C．caregivers should be healthy adults          D．monkeys have social relationships

3.In Bargh’s experiment, the students were asked to ______.

A．hold coffee and cold drink alternatively      B．write down their hypotheses

C．fill out a personal information form          D．evaluate someone’s personality

4.We can infer from the passage that ______.

A．abstract thinking does not come from physical experiences

B．feelings of warmth and coldness are studied worldwide

C．physical temperature affects how we see others

D．capable persons are often cold to others

5.What would be the best title for the passage?

A．Physical Sensations and Emotions.

B．Experiments of Personality Evaluation.

C．Developing Better Drinking Habits.

D．Drinking for Better Social Relationships.

       “Old wives tales” are beliefs passed down from one generation to another, For Example, most of us remember our parents’ telling us to eat more of certain foods or not to do certain things. Is there any truth in these teachings? Some of them agree with present medical thinking, but others have not passed the test of time.

Did your mother ever tell you to eat your carrots because they are good for your eyes? Scientists now report that eating carrots can help prevent a serious eye disease called macular degeneration. Eating just one carrot a day can reduce the possibility of getting this disease by 40%. Garlic (蒜) is good for you, too. It can kill the type of virus that causes colds.

       Unfortunately, not all of Mom’ s advice passed the test of medical studies, For example, generations of children have been told not to go swimming within an hour after eating. But research suggests that there is no danger in doing so. Do sweets cause tooth problems? Well, yes and no. Sticky sweets made with grains tend to cause more problems than sweets made with simple sugars.

Even though science can tell us that some of our traditional beliefs don’t hold water, there is still a lot of truth in the old wives’ tales. After all, much of this knowledge has been accumulated (积累) from thousands of years of experience in family health care. We should respect this body of knowledge even as we search for clear scientific support to prove it true or false.

48. Which of the following is TRUE according to the test?   

       A. Eating garlic is good for our eyes.

       B. Sticky sweets are damaging to our teeth.

       C. Swimming after a meal is dangerous.

       D. Carrots prevent people from catching colds.

49. The author develops the third paragraph mainly     .

       A. by cause and effect   B. by order in space

C. by order in time      D. by examples

50. The phrase “hold water” in the last paragraph most probably means ”_____”.

A. to be believable B. to be valuable C. to be admirable D. to be suitable

51.What is the author’s attitude toward “old wives tales” in the text?

A. Subjective    B. Objective    C. Dissatisfied    D. Curious

With alarming regularity, we read about oil tankers having accidents near land and the terrible consequences of the oil spills(泄露) on people, nature, and the environment.

       Millions of dollars have been used in developing special chemicals to help dismiss the spills and to clean up the animals, beaches, and land spoiled by the oil. Unfortunately, when many of these chemicals are used, more damage is caused to the environment, especially to lives in the sea.

       Of all of today’s environmental disasters, an oil spill may actually be one of the least serious. Although oil is poisonous, it is a natural material. In the end, it breaks down naturally. There are, of course, long-term effects, but it is usually more serious in the short term.

       Nature by itself works better than chemical materials, but when there is a spill we demand that governments act immediately with as much hi-tech knowledge as possible. In 1967 the tanker Torrey Canyon sank off the Scilly Isles near the coast of England and spilled 120,000 tones of oil into the ocean. If you go there today, you will find it hard to see any sign that it ever happened.

       Governments seem to accept the risk of transporting millions of tons of oil by ship every day so that we can fill up our cars and drive around and cause even more environmental damage. Interestingly, the biggest companies in the world produce cars, and the next biggest supply the gasoline to make them run!

       We should be thinking more about reducing our dependency on oil. Governments should be encouraging research into new technologies, such as cars run by solar power(太阳能), electricity, hydrogen, and so on. Much of this research has, in the past, been held back by the oil, gas, and coal.

       If the world’s millions of cars were 10% more efficient(高效的) — and the industry could easily produce cars at least twice as efficient — we would need many fewer tankers crossing the oceans each year. If this happened, the risks of oil spills would be reduced, and the air we breathe would be cleaner and fresher, too.

What is the passage mainly talking about?

   A. Oil spills pollution.                                            B. What oil pollution is.

C. Oil tanker accidents.                                     D. How to reduce oil pollution.

How does the author support the idea that oil spills are not as serious as people believe?

A. By giving a description.                                    B. By making an argument.         

C. By giving an example.                                        D. By drawing a diagram.

What does the underlined word “risk” in Paragraph 5 refer to?

A. Transportation depending more on oil.      B. Poisonous oil breaking down naturally.

C. Millions of tons of oil spilling into the sea.   D. More environmental damage being caused.

Which suggestion is made for reducing oil tank accidents according to the passage?

A. We should build safer oil tankers in the near future.

B. We should develop new technologies to cut oil use.

C. Tankers should not be allowed to sail near the coastlines.

D. Countries should build more oil pipelines under the sea.

Massachusetts （美国一州名） became the first state in the nation to ban the dumping （倾倒;抛弃） of electronic equipment such as computer monitors and television sets．It means people there can no longer put computer monitors, TV sets and other devices containing glass picture tubes out on the street for pickup by garbage cleaners．

         Official said much of this equipment is loaded with poisonous heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and mercury．These poisonous heavy metals could go into groundwater or be released （释放） into the air．

         The Boston Globe reports the state has set up a system to recycle techno-garbage at state expense through community recycling centers．

         Robin Ingenthron of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection said the state has been trying to get its electronics-recycling program in place ‘before the future wave of electronics hits’．The National Safety Council estimates some 300 million computers will enter the nation’s waste system in the next few years．

         In addition, millions of people will be getting rid of their old television sets．New high-quality digital televisions and new rules will make old TV sets no longer in use over the next several years．

1.The word ‘techno-garbage’ in the 3rd paragraph probably means ________．

         A．all kinds of dirty things                                       B．deserted TV sets

         C．heavy metals                                                             D．used electronic equipment

2.Which is NOT a reason that the state enforces （强制执行） a ban on electronic equipment dumping?

         A．This kind of garbage is poisonous．

         B．Recycling systems are not working well．

         C．The poisonous heavy metals can go to the underground water and the air．

         D．There will be much more electronic garbage soon．

3.According to the last paragraph many people will be dumping their TV sets because ________．

         A．they are broken                              B．they are poisonous

         C．new TV standards have come out               D．people will be tired of them

4.The passage tells us chiefly about __________．

         A．forbidding of a certain type of garbage dumping

         B．new problems of environmental protection

         C．household problems raised by computers and TV sets

        D．the handling of garbage