Prevention is better than cure. This saying has never been more appropriate than with reference to vaccination (接种疫苗). There are two main types of vaccines—live vaccines and killed or inactivated vaccines. Live vaccines are vaccines that contain disease causing antigens which are altered in such a way that weakens them to the point that they're no longer able to cause the disease. Killed or inactivated vaccines contain microbes (细菌) that have already been treated by chemical means to prevent them from copying or causing diseases. This means that any kind of vaccine for children cannot produce diseases, but can only help the body in creating antibodies that prevent that particular disease.

For a vaccine to make it to the market, its safety has to be confirmed. So most vaccinations for children are generally quite safe and are essential to children's health.

Vaccination can create immunity to various childhood diseases through deliberate artificial stimulation of the body's defenses. Among children, vaccinations not only prevent diseases and disorders, but also protect the health of the community, especially of those who aren't immunized (使免疫). For example, infants that are less than a year old cannot be given a measles (麻疹疫苗) vaccine but can be infected by measles. This can be prevented if people suitable for vaccination do get themselves vaccinated.

However, no vaccination is hundred percent safe, and there're always certain risks involved in vaccinations for children. For example, general side effects like pain, redness, headaches, swelling or a small lump at the site of the injection are common. Sometimes allergic (过敏) reactions may happen as well.

Therefore, when choosing any vaccination, parents should make an informed decision by weighing all pros and cons of vaccination for children. After all, the side effects of vaccines for children are far less severe, when compared to the symptoms of the diseases they prevent!

Vinegar（醋） is an old folk treatment beneficial in a long list of diseases．Some people say that it can guard against lower blood pressure , prevent cancer, destroy infection, assist in digestion and weight control, maintain memory, and protect the mind from aging．

Vinegar is said to have been used for medical diseases for at least 10,000 years．The Babylonians first made wine into vinegar in 5000 BC using date palms, grapes, and figs, and believed vinegar had exceptional curing natures．Hippocrates is said to have used vinegar as an antibiotic（抗生素）．Samurai warriors supposedly used vinegar for strength and power．During the U．S．Civil War, soldiers used vinegar to prevent stomachic upset and as a treatment for various diseases including pneumonia and scurvy．It was used to treat wounds during World War I．

The name vinegar comes from a French word meaning "sour wine．" Vinegars take their name from the material used to make the vinegar, i．e．, apple cider vinegar comes from apples, wine vinegar comes from grapes．

Apple cider vinegar is made by crushing apples and squeezing out the liquid．Sugar and yeast are added to the liquid to start the fermentation（发酵） process, which turns the sugars into alcohol．In a second fermentation process, the alcohol is turned into vinegar with its sour taste．

1．Which of the following is NOT a curing effect of vinegar?

       A．To prevent lower blood pressure           B．To help lose weight

       C．To delay one’s mind getting old            D．To cure cancer

2．The second paragraph mainly talks about ________．

       A．the history of vinegar

       B．how people used vinegar medically in history

       C．the production of vinegar

       D．how vinegar has functioned since ancient times

3．What topic the author could most possibly turn to following the last paragraph?

       A．the production process of vinegar

       B．the curing effects of vinegar

       C．the production process of wine vinegar

       D．the production process of apple cider vinegar

Vinegar（醋）is an old folk treatment beneficial in a long list of diseases. Some people say that it can guard against lower blood pressure, prevent cancer, destroy infection, assist in digestion and weight control, maintain memory, and protect the mind from aging.

Vinegar is said to have been used for medical diseases for at least 10,000 years. The Babylonians first made wine into vinegar in 5000 BC using date palms, grapes, and figs, and believed vinegar had exceptional curing natures. Hippocrates is said to have used vinegar as an antibiotic（抗生素）. Samurai warriors supposedly used vinegar for strength and power. During the U.S. Civil War, soldiers used vinegar to prevent stomachic upset and as a treatment for various diseases including pneumonia and scurvy. It was used to treat wounds during World War I.

The name vinegar comes from a French word meaning "sour wine." Vinegars take their name from the material used to make the vinegar, i.e., apple cider vinegar comes from apples, wine vinegar comes from grapes.

Apple cider vinegar is made by crushing apples and squeezing out the liquid. Sugar and yeast are added to the liquid to start the fermentation（发酵） process, which turns the sugars into alcohol. In a second fermentation process, the alcohol is turned into vinegar with its sour taste.

1．Which of the following is NOT a curing effect of vinegar?

       A．To prevent lower blood pressure           B．To help lose weight

       C．To delay one’s mind getting old             D．To cure cancer

2．The second paragraph mainly talks about ________.

       A．the history of vinegar

       B．how people used vinegar medically in history

       C．the production of vinegar

       D．how vinegar has functioned since ancient times

3．What topic the author could most possibly turn to following the last paragraph?

       A．the production process of vinegar

       B．the curing effects of vinegar

       C．the production process of wine vinegar

       D．the production process of apple cider vinegar

Studies show that walking several times a week can lower, or reduce, the danger of many diseases. Walking also can help you lose weight.

Fast walking is good for the heart. It lowers the blood pressure. Researchers say walking can reduce the danger of suffering a heart attack by as much as fifty percent.

Studies have shown that walking for thirty minutes a day can delay and possibly prevent the development of Type Two Diabetes. It can prevent diabetes among people who are overweight and at danger for the disease.

Studies show that women who walk and take calcium reduce their danger of thinning of the bones. Walking also helps lower the pain of arthritis in areas where bones are joined by strengthening the muscles around the bones.

Walking several times a week is a good way to control your weight and even lose body fat. Studies show it also helps lower feelings of sadness.

Experts say walking is one of the safest ways to exercise. There is a low danger of injuries. So it is good for people who are starting an exercise program for the first time and for older people.

A walking program is easy to start. You should wear loose clothes and good shoes. Shoes designed for walking are best.

How fast should you walk?  You should be breathing hard while you are walking. Yet, you should be able to

talk.

Let your arms move back and forward at your sides while you walk.

The title of the passage probably is ______.

   A. Walking               B. Feelings of Sadness    C. Weight         D. Diseases

“Walking is one of the safest ways to exercise” means ______.

   A. walking is easy to start              B. there’s a low danger of injuries

   C. walking is good for heart             D. walking can prevent the development of diseases

Walking helps reduce the following EXCEPT_________.

   A. the danger of many diseases    B. weight                C. sad feelings     D. money for shoes

According to the passage, walking ________.

  A. is the safest way to all of the people     B. is a good way to reduce the danger of many diseases

  C. can cure the disease of heart attack       D. can help put on weight

Studies show that walking several times a week can lower, or reduce, the danger of many diseases. Walking also can help you lose weight.
Fast walking is good for the heart. It lowers the blood pressure. Researchers say walking can reduce the danger of suffering a heart attack by as much as fifty percent.
Studies have shown that walking for thirty minutes a day can delay and possibly prevent the development of Type Two Diabetes. It can prevent diabetes among people who are overweight and at danger for the disease.
Studies show that women who walk and take calcium reduce their danger of thinning of the bones. Walking also helps lower the pain of arthritis in areas where bones are joined by strengthening the muscles around the bones.
Walking several times a week is a good way to control your weight and even lose body fat. Studies show it also helps lower feelings of sadness.
Experts say walking is one of the safest ways to exercise. There is a low danger of injuries. So it is good for people who are starting an exercise program for the first time and for older people.
A walking program is easy to start. You should wear loose clothes and good shoes. Shoes designed for walking are best.
How fast should you walk?  You should be breathing hard while you are walking. Yet, you should be able to
talk.
Let your arms move back and forward at your sides while you walk.
【小题1】The title of the passage probably is ______.