Students who take notes during class have higher grades than__________who don’t.

A.those         B.that          C.ones      D.the one

       Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards(外部奖赏), from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, believe that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.                             

    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness(创造力), according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology".             

       "If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much desire for rewards." A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore

failing grades.                                                                                 

    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.       

71．Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _____.

       A．the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards

       B．the amount of monetary rewards for students' creativity

       C．the study of relationship between actions and their consequences

       D．the effects of external rewards on students' performance

72．What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?      

       A．They have no doubts about them.

       B．They have doubts about them.

       C．They approve of them.                        

       D．They avoid talking about them.

73．Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?

       A．Giving them tasks they have not dealt with before.

       B．Giving them tasks which require inventiveness.

       C．Giving them rewards they really deserve.

       D．Giving them rewards they hope for.

74．.It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ______.

       A．rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students

       B．punishment is more effective than rewarding

       C．failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards                

       D．discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency                                                    

75．The phrase "token economies" (Sentence 1, Paragraph 5) probably refers to _____.       

       A．ways to develop economy                   

       B．systems of rewarding students

       C．approaches to solving problems

       D．methods of improving performance

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards（外部奖赏）, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive （认知学派的） researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, believe that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.    

    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary （金钱的） rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements （刺激） indeed aid inventiveness（创造力）, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology".

       "If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much desire for rewards." A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.     

    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.       

1．Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _____.

       A．the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards

       B．the amount of monetary rewards for students' creativity

       C．the study of relationship between actions and their consequences

       D．the effects of external rewards on students' performance

2．What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students? 

       A．They have no doubts about them.

       B．They have doubts about them.

       C．They approve of them.   

       D．They avoid talking about them.

3．Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?

       A．Giving them tasks they have not dealt with before.

       B．Giving them tasks which require inventiveness.

       C．Giving them rewards they really deserve.

       D．Giving them rewards they hope for.

4．It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ______.

       A．rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students

       B．punishment is more effective than rewarding

       C．failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards          D．discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency             

5．The phrase "token economies" （Sentence 1, Paragraph 5） probably refers to _____.           A．ways to develop economy      

       B．systems of rewarding students

       C．approaches to solving problems

       D．methods of improving performance

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards(外部奖赏), from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, believe that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.                              The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness(创造力), according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology".   

       "If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much desire for rewards." A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.                                 

    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.       

1．Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _____.

       A．the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards

       B．the amount of monetary rewards for students' creativity

       C．the study of relationship between actions and their consequences

       D．the effects of external rewards on students' performance

2．What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?        

       A．They have no doubts about them.

       B．They have doubts about them.

       C．They approve of them.                        

       D．They avoid talking about them.

3．Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?

       A．Giving them tasks they have not dealt with before.

       B．Giving them tasks which require inventiveness.

       C．Giving them rewards they really deserve.

       D．Giving them rewards they hope for.

4．.It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ______.

       A．rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students

       B．punishment is more effective than rewarding

       C．failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards                        D．discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency                                                    

5．The phrase "token economies" (Sentence 1, Paragraph 5) probably refers to _____.         

       A．ways to develop economy                   

       B．systems of rewarding students

       C．approaches to solving problems

       D．methods of improving performance

   Editor’s notes: AWL is well known for its dictionaries and English language teaching materials． Some readers have written in to ask us for the latest information on high quality books on English, so here we introduce two texts that aim to improve spoken English fluency．

Let’s speak （Beginner)

By Bev Dusuya, Naoko Ozeki and Kevin Bergman

ISBN: 962001359X

Speak Up（Pre-Intermediate)

By Bev Kusuya, Nako Zeki

ISBN: 0583338050

“Teach the students about your culture and help them talk about their own．” How often are these worthy goals kept from being achieved by the limitations of your beginner level learners? Students at all levels want to talk about culture．

Topics include food, shopping, sports, fashion, the roles of men and women, health, music, and many more．

These are all chosen from surveys of over 15,000 students about their own interests in cross-cultural communication．

“Let’s Speak” and “Speak Up” share a special but excellent way that allows all students to take part in．

 The series has questions which start thinking and then help collect opinions about personal topics． Conversation practice is provided by ready to use （现成的)models of basic exchanges on the topic． Also, the cultural information presented in the series comes in the form of interesting, relevant（相关的）facts and ideas from other countries through listening tasks and Culture Quiz exercises．

Team activities in books provide lively problem solving games to enable sharing and comparison of cultural values．

“Let’s Speak” is fit for entry level students of all ages． “Speak Up” provides for the needs of higher level beginners, offering the same careful listening and speaking help, but with slightly more open ended discussion．

For any information about AWL’s books, please get in touch with the following addresses:

Beijing Addison Wesley Longman Information Center

Room 2306, FLTRP Beijing

19 Xi San Huan Beilu, Beijing 100081

Tel: （010)68917488 （010) 68917788

Fax: （010) 68917499E-mail: zrh@public．bat．net．cn

In the sentence “Teach the students about your culture and help them talk about their own”, “your culture” here means the culture of           ．

    A．the English native speakers　   B．the English learners

    C．the readers of the two books     D．the readers of the newspaper

Which of the following are mentioned about the two books in the passage above?

    a．publisher    b．titles  c．content      d．writers 

    e．prices  f．pages    g．book number

    A．a,b,d,f　        B．a,c,d,g          C．b,c,d,e          D．b,c,e,f

The two books have in common everything EXCEPT         ．

    A．the same interesting topics

    B．the same level of learners

    C．proper ways to excite the learners to talk

The passage above is probably taken from the            section in a newspaper．

    A．EDUCATION        B．NEWS

    C．ENTERTAINMENT    D．BOOKSHELF