If you give something to someone for free, will that person value it and use it? Development experts have debated this question for decades. Some think the act of paying causes people to value something and use it more.

   Selling necessary health treatments, others argue, may deny them to the people who need them the most.

    Consider, for example, chemically treated bed nets, which kill mosquitoes anti protect people against malaria(疟疾)while they are sleeping. William Easterly, an economist at New York University, believes this is one example of development having gone wrong. In a recent book, Professor Easterly suggests bed nets given free in Africa are often used for the wrong purpose. Yet, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends bed nets be given out free and used by whole communities. The success of a large free bed net campaign in Kenya led the WHO to announce this recommendation

    This debate will likely influence social programs in the developing world. Many non-governmental organizations support the creation of self-supporting programs in poor countries. Goods and services are sold for a price to help these programs survive.

    According to Rachel Glenerster, who runs a research lab doing development and poverty studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, her several studies have proven that small price changes have a big influence on the number of people who use a product. A price change will reduce the total amount of use of the product as well, she says. She has also found no evidence that the very act of paying for something changes how people use it.

    As for a particular product among special populations, some development experts argue that pricing is useful. When it comes to bed nets, Miss Glenerster says research shows no evidence of this. People are just as likely to use a bed net whether they paid for it or not.

The debate among experts focuses on       .

 A. a special use of bed nets in Africa

 B. the use of assistance-related products

 C. the importance of social programs for the poor

 D. a popular way to help the poor

According to some experts, certain health treatments        .

  A. can only be sold to the rich                   B. should be completely free                         

  C. are too expensive                                D. are not needed by the poor                       

What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?

  A. The WHO's advice may not be always practical.

  B. Many Africans don't know the function of bed nets.

  C. The case of Kenya is doubtful.

  D. Bed nets given to Africans are poor in quality.

What may be the possible change in the social program according to the third paragraph?

  A. Some of them may become financially independent.

  B. Many of them will not be organized by the government.

  C. Some of them will go to developed countries.

  D. Most of them will be free of charge.

  Moods (心情), say the experts, are feelings that are likely to become fixed, having effects on one’s outlook(way of looking at things) for hours, days or even weeks. That’s great if your mood is a pleasant one, but a problem if you are sad, anxious, angry, or simply lonely.

  Perhaps the best way to deal with such moods is to talk them out; sometimes, though, there is no one to listen. Scientists offers a lot of tranquilizers(镇静剂) and anti-anxiety drugs. What many people don’t realize, however, is that scientists have discovered the effectiveness of several non-drug methods to make you free from an unwanted mood. These can be just as useful as drugs, and have the added benefit of being nonpoisonous(无毒的). So next time you feel out of sorts, don’t head for the drug store―try the following method.

  Of all the mood-changing self-help techniques, aerobic exercises (有氧运动) seem to be the best cure for a bad mood. “If you could keep the exercise, you’d be in high spirits,” says Kathryn Lance, author of Running for Health and Beauty.

  Researchers have explained biochemical and various other changes that make exercises compare favorably to drugs as a mood-raiser. Physical work such as housework, however, does little. The key is aerobic exercises – running, cycling, walking, swimming, or other repetitive and sustained activities that increase the heart rate and circulation(循环), and improve the body’s use of oxygen. Do them for at least 20 minutes a time, three to five times a week.

It can be inferred from the passage that __________.

 A. when one is in a bad mood, he or she must not work very well.

 B. the best way to overcome a bad mood is to talk to oneself

 C. some drugs are more effective than physical exercises

 D. taking drugs is at risk of being poisonous

The phrase "feel out of sorts", as is used in the second paragraph, could be best replaced by ____________.

   A. put things in order                               B. are in a bad mood    

   C. search for tranquilizers                             D. want a mood-raiser

Which of the following best describes the organization of this passage?

 A. An exercise and its importance are explained     

 B. A problem is examined and solutions are given

 C. Two different views of a problem are presented   

 D. Recent developments in medicine are described

According to the dictionary definition of“create,ordinary people are creative every day”.To create means“to bring into being,to cause to exist something each of us does daily”.

We are creative whenever we look at or think about something in a new way.First,thisincludes an awareness(意识) of our surroundings.It means using all of our senses to becomeaware of our world.This may be as simple as being aware of color and texture(质地),as well as taste,when we plan a meal.Above all,it is the ability to notice things that others might miss.

A second part of creativity is an ability to see relationships among things.If we believe the expression,“There is nothing new under the sun,the creativity is remaking or recombining(重组) the old in new ways.”For example,we might do this by finding a more effective way to study or a better way to arrange our furniture,or we might make a new combination of camera lenses andfilters to create an unusual photograph.

A third part of creativity is the courage and drive to make use of our new ideas,to ask for them to achieve some new results.To think up a new idea is one thing;to put the idea to work is another.

These three parts of creativity are included in all the great works of geniuses,but they arealso included in many of our day-to-day activities.

Which of the following activities is NOT a creative one according to the passage?

A.To prepare for a meal.                                          B.To arrange the furniture in a special way.

C.To buy some books from a bookstore.             D.To“write”a letter with the computer.

.“There is nothing new under the sun” really implies that _________.

A.a new thing can only be created at the basis of earliest things

B.a new thing is only a tale

C.we can seldom create new things

D.we can hardly see really new things in the world

What does the author think about the relationship between a new thought and its being put into practice?

A.It’s more difficult to create a new thought than to use it in practice.

B.To find a new thought will clearly lead to the production of a new thing.

C.A man with an excellent ability of practice can easily become an inventor.

D.One may come up with a new thought,but can not put it into practice.

The best title for this passage is__________.

A.How to Develop One’s Creativity                   B.What Is Creativity

C.The Importance of Creativity                          D.Creativity,a Not Faraway Thing

SHANGHAI - Health experts in Shanghai are calling for more protection for young children as the latest research shows about half of the youngsters are suffering from secondhand smoke.

About 45 percent of children suffer passive smoking in families, 50 percent in public places, and almost 6 percent on public transportation, shows a research released by the Shanghai Children's Medical Center on Tuesday.

"Not only adults but also children and newborn babies are at risk for the adverse effects of passive smoking," said Tang Jingyan, a doctor at the Shanghai Children's Medical Center.

"Actually, those young children whose bodies are still growing and developing are more sensitive to the effects of secondhand smoke."

Research has shown that children who are exposed to secondhand smoke will suffer from more colds, coughs and sore throats, and they are more likely to suffer from bronchitis, pneumonia and will have a higher risk of developing cancer.

Doctors even suggested that children suffering passive smoking are more likely to have behavioral problems and may not develop mentally as quickly as their peers．

Other research by the Shanghai Children's Medical Center has found that more than 80 percent of child patients in the center live in a smoke-filled household, where one or both parents smoke．

"Though doctors have stressed the harm of passive smoking over and over, it is still hard to reach a totally 'smoke free' home," said a pediatrician named Zhang Yiwen, noting that parents are often tempted to smoke even though they have learned the harmful effects of secondhand smoke.

China has 540 million people suffering from passive smoke, 180 million of them younger than 15．The age of smokers is also getting lower, earlier reports said.

"There are more young smokers than before．You can see young people wearing a school uniform and carrying a schoolbag light a cigarette on the street．Some of them are even female students," said Jing Xingming, a professor of children's developmental behavior at the center.

"Children like to imitate adults, especially their parents．If parents often smoke at home, it is very likely children will develop a smoking habit, which can cause a vicious circle," Jin said.

Reports from the Ministry of Health said China has about 350 million smokers, of whom 15 million are underage smokers．Also, around 40 million of the country's 130 million children aged between 13 and 18 had tried smoking, and 15 million had become addicted to tobacco.

What is the main idea of the passage?

       A．About half of the youngsters are suffering from secondhand smoke.

       B．Experts are calling for more protection for youngsters from smoking.

       C．More and more youngsters are picking up the habit of smoking.

       D．Smoking does great harm to the health of the youngsters.

What kind of the youngsters most possibly develop a habit of smoking?

       A．Children of non-smoking mothers. B．Children of non-smoking fathers.

       C．Children of heavy smokers.    D．Children from some smoking centers.

Which of the following disease may not be connected with secondhand smoking?

      A．Cancer.     B．Behavioral problems.     C．Sore throats.       D．Coughs.      

The underlined word “vicious” in the last paragraph but one most probably means ___________.

       A．complete  B．simple      C．great D．bad

What can be inferred from the passage?

       A．About 80% of the children in the Shanghai Children's Medical Center smoke heavily.

       B．About 45 percent of children suffer passive smoking in the Shanghai Children's Medical Center.

       C．About 540 million people are heavy smokers in China.

       D．Children aged between 13 to 18 are more likely addicted to smoking.

Imagine you’re at a party full of strangers. You’re nervous. Who are these people? How do you start a conversation? Fortunately, you’ve got a thing that sends out energy at tiny chips in everyone’s name tag (标签). The chips send back name, job, hobbies, and the time available for meeting-whatever. Making new friends becomes simple

This hasn’t quite happened in real life. But the world is already experiencing a revolution using RFID technology.

An RFID tag with a tiny chip can be fixed in a product, under your pet’s skin, even under your own skin. Passive RFID tags have no energy source-batteries because they do not need it. The energy comes from the reader, a scanning device, that sends out energy (for example, radio waves) that starts up the tag immediately.

Such a tag carries information specific to that object, and the data can be updated. Already, RFID technology is used for recognizing each car or truck on the road and it might appear in your passport. Doctors can put a tiny chip under the skin that will help locate and obtain a patient’s medical records. At a nightclub in Paris or in New York the same chip gets you into the VIP (very important person) section and pays for the bill with the wave of an arm.

Take a step back:10 or 12 years ago,you would have heard about the coming age of computing. One example always seemed to surface: Your refrigerator would know when you needed to buy more milk. The concept was that computer chips could be put everywhere and send information in a smart network that would make ordinary life simpler

RFID tags are a small part of this phenomenon. “The world is going to be a loosely coupled set of individual small devices, connected wirelessly,” predicts Dr.J.Reich. Human right supporters are nervous about the possibilities of such technology. It goes too far tracking school kids through RFID tags, they say. We imagine a world in which a beer company could find out not only when you bought a beer but also when you drank it. And how many beers. Accompanied by how many biscuits. w*w*When Marconi invented radio, he thought it would be used for ship-to-shore communication. Not for pop music. Who knows how RFID and related technologies will be used in the future. Here’s a wild guess: Not for buying milk.

1. The article is intended to______.  

A. warn people of the possible risks in adopting RFID technology

B. explain the benefits brought about by RFID technology

C. convince people of the uses of RFID technology

D. predict the applications of RFID technology

2. We know from the passage that with the help of RFID tags, people        .

A. will have no trouble getting data about others

B. will have more energy for conversation

C. will have more time to make friends

D. won’t feel shy at parties any longer

3. Passive RFID tags chiefly consist of        .

A. scanning devices              B. radio waves   C. batteries              D. chips

4. Why are some people worried about RFID technology?

A. Because children will be tracked by strangers.

B. Because market competition will become more fierce.

C. Because their private lives will be greatly affected.

D. Because customers will be forced to buy more products.

5. The last paragraph implies that RFID technology        .

A. will not be used for such matters as buying milk

B. will be widely used, including for buying milk

C. will be limited to communication uses

D. will probably be used for pop music