Every day, Director of Admissions（招生办）Ingrid Hayes and her fellow workers answer calls from anxious parents wanting to know how their child is doing.

“I know they want to give an extra push and we understand that,” Hayes said, “but we really do want the students to take center stage in the process.”

These over-involved（过分介入）moms and dads have come to be known as “helicopter parents”. Hayes said they are a bigger part of the college admissions process than ever.

Psychologist（心理学家）Mark Crawford explained the term comes from the idea of hovering（盘旋）. “They’re always around their kids’ life, always making sure things go the way they need to go and not really allowing the kids to figure out solutions to problems on their own.”

Crawford described those parents coming for his advice, who want the best for their child, but never want that child to fail.

“I see a lot of parents who hold their kid’s hand across the high school graduation stage and think when they send them off to college all will be well,” Crawford said. “They are not doing them a favor. Too much concern（关心）will actually do them harm.”

In fact, a report from the National Survey of Student Engagement reported 86 percent of first-year college students were in frequent contact with their mothers through phone or computer. And 71 percent of freshmen communicated frequently with their fathers. The same report concluded students with higher levels of parental involvement usually had lower grades.

Crawford also said children of “helicopter parents” may have trouble later when they’re asked to take responsibility in the adult world. “They tend to blame others for bad results because they refuse to take responsibilities or make poor choices themselves,” Crawford said.

“Helicopter parents” can actually hurt their children’s growth. Some turn out to be “anxious adults who take very few risks outside of their comfort zones,” he said.

1．According to the passage, “helicopter parents”　　　　　 .

　 A．show too much concern for their children　

　 B．help their kids a lot in their study

　 C．take very few risks outside of their comfort zones

　 D．are necessary in the present society

2．According to Crawford, children of “helicopter parents”　　　　　 .

　 A．can shoulder more responsibilities　　　　

　 B．tend to blame their parents for their concern

　 C．usually get higher grades in college

　 D．are less likely to become independent adults

3．The writer refers to the report of a national survey to show that　　　　　 .

　 A．more students prefer to communicate with their mothers

　 B．fathers are less concerned about their children’s college life

　 C．“helicopter parents” may harm their children’s college learning

　 D．students get low grades without high level parental involvement

4．The best title of the passage portably is　　　　　 .

　 A．Helicopter Parents Need to Step Back

　 B．Helicopter Parents Try to Help Their Young

　 C．Colleges Call for Parental involvement

　 D．Students Allowed to Take Center Stage

完形填空

阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从以下各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”(报偿); and there is no reason to 1 that this is true. But it used also to be 2 believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly connected to such basic physiological (生理的)“drives”as thirst or 3 .In other words, a baby would learn 4 he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

　　It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to act in ways that 5 results in the world with no reward except the successful result.

　　Papousek began his studies by using 6 in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so 7 them to carry out some 8 movements, such as turning the 9 to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to 10 would refuse the milk but would 11 go on making the learned response (反应) with clear 12 of pleasure. So he began to 13 the children's responses in 14 where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “turned on” 15 and indeed that they were able to learn quite complex(复杂的)turns to bring about this 16 , for instance, two left or two right, or 17 to make as many as three turns to one side. Sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely.

　　Papousek 18 that it was rat mainly the sight of the lights that 19 them, it was the success they were achieving in 20 the problem, and that there exists a basic desire to understand and control the world.

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Many years ago, children who had good manners kept quiet if their parents were talking with other persons. Today, well-mannered children have more freedom.

Sometimes good manners in one place are bad manners in other place.

Suppose you are a visitor in the land of Mongolia. Some friends ask you to eat with them. What kind of manners do they want you to have? They want you to give a loud "burp" after you finish eating. Burping will show that you like your food. In some countries, if you give a loud burp, you are told to say, "Excuse me, please."

In many places people like to eat together. But in some parts of Polynesia, it is bad manners to be seen eating at all. People show their good manners by turning their back on others while they eat.

What are good manners like in an East African town? The people try not to see you. They are being polite. You may see a friend. He may not see you at all. If you're polite, you will sit down beside him. You will wait until he finishes what he is doing. Then he will talk to you.

Suppose you visit a friend in Arabia. You should walk behind the tents until you come to his tent. If you pass in front of the other tents, you will be asked into them. The people will ask you to eat with them. And it is bad manners if you say no.

64. In Mongolia, burping is a way of showing that_______.

A. you enjoyed your meal              B. you are not full

C. your meal is not good               D. you want to eat more

65. In Polynesia , to be polite while eating you should_______.

A. talk much with others                 B. sit still

C. turn your back on others            D. eat quickly

66. In Arabia it is bad manners _______ .

A. to walk behind the tents             B. to visit a friend

C. to refuse to sit down                 D. to say no if you're asked to eat

67. Which of the following sentences is not true according to the passage?

A. Well-mannered children should always keep quiet.

B. Eating with others is bad manners.

C. Good manners are different from one place to another.

D. People always want others to bother them.