As a physician who travels quite a lot, I spend a lot of time on planes listening for that dreaded “Is there a doctor on board?” announcement. I’ve been   16  only once — for a woman who had merely fainted. But the   17  made me quite curious about how   18  this kind of thing happens. I wondered what I would do if   19  with a real midair medical emergency — without access   20  a hospital staff and the usual emergency equipment. So   21  the New England Journal of Medicine last week   22  a study about in-flight medical events, I read it   23  interest.
　　The study estimated that there are a(n)   24  of 30 in-flight medical emergencies on U.S. flights every day. Most of them are not   25 ; fainting and dizziness are the most frequent complaints.  26  13% of them — roughly four a day — are serious enough to   27  a pilot to change course. The most common of the serious emergencies   28  heart trouble, strokes, and difficulty breathing.
　　Let’s face it: plane rides are   29 . For starters, cabin pressures at high altitudes are set at roughly      30  they would be if you lived at 5,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level. Most people can tolerate these pressures pretty   31 , but passengers with heart disease   32  experience chest pains as a result of the reduced amount of oxygen flowing through their blood.   33  common in-flight problem is deep venous thrombosis — the so-called economy class syndrome (综合症).   34  happens, don’t panic. Things are getting better on the in-flight-emergency front. Thanks to more recent legislation (立法), flights with at      35  one attendant are starting to install emergency medical kits to treat heart attacks.

As we all know, any country has good reasons to want its citizens to be as healthy as possible. This led to the introduction of a health service in many countries. France has developed into a country in which all citizens can get most of the health treatment free. The money for this is partly from the people who are willing to offer.
But there are different opinions about the Health Service. The number of patients treated every year and the cost of treatment are much greater than expected. This means that the people who work for the Health Service --- doctors, nurses and other hospital workers, have much more work to do, and as a result they have little time for preventive treatment.
However, the tough problem is that as many people are able to receive treatment more expensive than they can pay, sometimes people go and visit their doctors when they don’t really need to. As there are many patients, doctors cannot spend time long enough with each patient. So some people prefer to pay for their own treatment so that their doctors can examine them more carefully. In fact, some rich people feel that they should pay more free money, which would be given to other citizens.
【小题1】 France is described as an example to show that __________.

As the old saying goes, beauty is in the eye of the beholder. But Venezuela, whose beauty queens have won Miss Universe and Miss World over six times, doesn’t leave it to chance. In Venezuela, girls as young as four can be found attending beauty schools, where they can learn a range of skills from how to walk to the correct way to hold a wine glass.

“Hair must always be completely clean, make-up should look natural, and you should always, always wear high-heels,” advises Andrea Reyes, a teacher in a school of Caracas with 160 students.

Beauty contests are treated in Venezuela much as sporting competitions are elsewhere. Many Venezuelan parents believe that if their daughters can succeed and get the beauty crown, their future as famous and public persons is sure to come. As a result, the girls are trained to compete at a young age.

Among former beauty queens are Irene Saez, who went on to compete for the country’s president, and Eva Ekvall, whose battle with cancer helped to make more people know about the illness in Venezuela.

However, voices against the trend can be heard all over the country. At one time, a feminist (男女平等主义者) group tried to stop the Miss Venezuela broadcast. President Hugo Chavez has spoken out against the culture of plastic surgery(整形手术)in Venezuela, calling it a “frightening thing”.

The BBC reporter Sarah Grainger says that acceptance of the contests is partly a result of the country’s “machista” (大男子主义的) view of the different roles that men and women should play, “Men are supposed to be strong and brave and women to be gentle and beautiful”.

Miss Universe 1996, Alicia Machado, knows the price to be paid when you’re no longer seen as attractive. After winning the beauty contest, she said all she wanted to do was “eat, eat and eat”. Her weight gain later and warning by the organizers of the contest to replace her as queen with the runner-up was among the hottest topics in the country, especially in Latin America.

1.What’s the advice given by a teacher in Caracas to her students?

A. Attending beauty schools as early as possible.

B. Wearing high-heels at times.

C. Washing your hair quite often.

D. Fighting against cancer bravely.

2.Girls try to win in the beauty contest to__________.

A. try plastic surgery     

B. practice the country’s “machista” view

C. earn a good future   

D. eat as much as one pleases

3.We can learn from the passage that__________.

A. Venezuela girls have won Miss Universe and Miss World over six times by chance

B. In Venezuela, people judge men and women in quite different ways

C. Eva Ekvall once competed for the country’s president

D. Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez has spoken out against beauty contests

4.What does the underlined word “runner-up” in the last paragraph mean?

A. the news reporter covering the beauty contest

B. the organizer of the beauty contest

C. the girl who is slim

D. the person who comes in the second place

As a result of pollution, Lake Erie, on the borders of the USA and Canada, is now without many living things.

   Pollution in water is not simply a matter of “poisons” killing large numbers of fish overnight. Very often the effects of pollution are not noticed for many months or years because the first organisms (生物体) to be affected are either plants or plankton (浮游生物). These organisms are the food of fish, birds, and other creatures. When this food disappears, the fish and birds die too. In this way a whole food chain can be wiped out, and it is not until dead fish and water birds are seen at the river’s edge or on the sea shore that people realize what is happening.

   Where do the substances which pollute water come from? There are two main sources, sewage(污水) and industrial waste. As more detergent (洗涤剂)is used in homes, more of it is finally put into our rivers, lakes and seas.  Detergents harm water birds by breaking down the natural substances which keep their feathers waterproof. Sewage itself, if not properly treated, makes the water dirty and prevents all forms of life in rivers and the sea from receiving the oxygen they need. Industrial waste is even more harmful since there are many highly poisonous materials in it, such as copper and lead.

   So if we want to stop this pollution, the answer is simple. Sewage and industrial waste must be made clean before flowing into the water reservoirs. It may already be too late to save some rivers and lakes, but others can still be saved if the correct action is taken at once.

1.Pollution in water is noticed ________.

A. when the first organisms are affected

B. when many fish and birds die   

C. when poisons are poured into water

D. As soon as the balance of nature is destroyed

2.Living things die in a lake or river because there is no ________.

A. water         B. fish                   C. Poison               D. oxygen

3.The underlined word “waterproof” in the third paragraph means “          ”.

A. full of water   B. not allowing water to go through

C. covered with water   D. cleaned by water

4.Which of the following things is /are harmful according to the passage？

A. Industrial waste and chemicals    B. Water in the river

C. Coal and wood  D. plastic

As a physician who travels quite a lot, I spend a lot of time on planes listening for that dreaded “Is there a doctor on board?” announcement. I’ve been   16  only once — for a woman who had merely fainted. But the   17  made me quite curious about how   18  this kind of thing happens. I wondered what I would do if   19  with a real midair medical emergency — without access   20  a hospital staff and the usual emergency equipment. So   21  the New England Journal of Medicine last week   22  a study about in-flight medical events, I read it   23  interest.

　　The study estimated that there are a(n)   24  of 30 in-flight medical emergencies on U.S. flights every day. Most of them are not   25 ; fainting and dizziness are the most frequent complaints.  26  13% of them — roughly four a day — are serious enough to   27  a pilot to change course. The most common of the serious emergencies   28  heart trouble, strokes, and difficulty breathing.

　　Let’s face it: plane rides are   29 . For starters, cabin pressures at high altitudes are set at roughly      30  they would be if you lived at 5,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level. Most people can tolerate these pressures pretty   31 , but passengers with heart disease   32  experience chest pains as a result of the reduced amount of oxygen flowing through their blood.   33  common in-flight problem is deep venous thrombosis — the so-called economy class syndrome (综合症).   34  happens, don’t panic. Things are getting better on the in-flight-emergency front. Thanks to more recent legislation (立法), flights with at      35  one attendant are starting to install emergency medical kits to treat heart attacks.