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In science the meaning of the word“explain”suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality．Science can not really explain electricity，magnetism，graviton their effects can be measured and predicted，but of their nature no more known to the modern scientists than to Thalas who first looked into the nature of the electrification when physicists reject the notion that man can never discover what these mysterious forces“really”are．Electricity，Bertrand Russell says，is not a thing，1ike St．Paul’s Cathedrfll；it is a way in which things behave．When we have told how things behave when they are electrified，and under what circumstances are electrified，we have to1d all there is to tell． Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea．Aristotle，for example，whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years，believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles．He felt，for example, that it is a self--evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place,hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong,and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs．The goal of Aristotle science was to explain why things happen．Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment，which now forms the basis of scientific investigation．
1．The aim of controlled scientific experiments is______．
A. to describe self--evident principles
B．to explain how things happen
C．to explain why things happen
D．to support Aristotelian science．
2.What principles most influenced scientific thought for two thousand years?
A. The forces of electricity，magnetism and gravity．
B. The speculations of Thalas．
C. Aristotle’s natural science．
D. Galileo’s discoveries．
3.Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity is________.
A. in agreement with Aristotle’s theory of self-evident principle
B. disapproved of by most modern scientists
C. in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward“how”things happen
D．in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward”why”things happen
4. The passage says that until recently scientists have proved_______.
A．that there are mysterious forces in the universe
B．that man can’t discover what forces ”really” are
C．that we can discover why things behave as they do
D．that there are self—evident principles
5．Modern science came into being_________．
A．when the method of controlled experiment was first introduced
B．when Aristotelian scientists tried to explain why things happen
C. when Galileo succeeded in explaining how things happen
D．when scientists were able to acquire an understanding of reality by reasoning
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No one has yet succeeded in solving the _____ of how life first began.
A. biology B. gravity C. puzzle D. theory
查看习题详情和答案>>No one has yet succeeded in solving the _____ of how life first began.
A. biology B. gravity C. puzzle D. theory
查看习题详情和答案>>and more.Some say he was the greatest experimental scientist of the seventeenth century.
Once he worked with renowned men of science like Christian Huygens,Antony van
Leeuwenhoek,Robert Boyle,Isaac Newton and the great architect,Christopher Wren.
Hooke's early education began at home,under the guidance of his father.He entered
Westminster School at the age of thirteen,and from there he went to Oxford,where he
came in contact with some of the best scientists in England.Hooke impressed them with
his skill at designing experiments and devising instruments.In 1662,at the age of
twenty－eight,he was named Curator of Experiments of the newly formed Royal Society
of London.Hooke accepted the job,even though he knew that it had no money to pay him!
Watching living things through the microscope was one of his favorite occupations.He
devised a compound microscope for this purpose.One day while observing a cork (软木)
under a microscope,he saw honeycomb－like structures.They were cells-the smallest units
of life.In fact,it was Hooke who coined the term "cell" as the boxlike cells of the cork
reminded him of the cells of a monastery(修道院)．
Perhaps because of his varied interests,Hooke often left experiments unfinished.Others
took up where he left off and then claimed sole(独占的)credit.This sometimes led to
quarrels with colleagues.One work that he finished was his book MICROGRAPHIA,a
volume that reveals the immense potential of the microscope.The book also includes,
among other things,ideas on gravity and light which may have helped scientists like
Newton while they were developing their own theories on these phenomena.
Hooke made valuable contributions to astronomy too.A crater(陨石坑) on the moon
is named after him in appreciation of his services to this branch of science.
B．liked making friends with the famous people
C．received a lot from other scientists
D．made contributions to many different fields
C．1662D．1640
B．introducing himself to them
C．designing experiments and instruments
D．refusing any reward from Royal Society of London
B．he had all kinds of interests in his daily life
C．he was too proud to look up to them
D．the other scientists took the fruits of his experiments
B．Its ideas on gravity and light might have been helpful for Newton.
C．Newton realized the importance of it.
D．Hooke thought highly of Newton's scientific theory in it.
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