Teens are more likely to behave badly if their parents expect them to，a new US study has found.
“Parents who believe they are simply being realistic might actually be having a bad effect on their children，” Christy Buchanan，a teacher at Wake Forest University and one of the authors of the study，said. “Bad expectations on the part of both parents and children predict more rebellious (叛逆的) behaviors later on.”
The finding came from a study of more than 250 sixth­ and seventh­graders and their mothers. They were examined at the start of the study and again one year later. If kids’ mothers expected them to take more risks and be more rebellious，higher chances of risky behavior were seen.This_was_also_true when kids had bad expectations of themselves.
“Sometimes parents expect more negative behavior from their children than they should based on the children’s history of behavior，” Buchanan said.Parents shouldn’t be naive (无知的) about the possibility of bad behavior，she said，but it’s also a mistake to think that children who are well­behaved will naturally become rebellious at the age of 13.
“By thinking risk­taking or rebelliousness is normal for teenagers and showing that to their children，parents might add to other messages from society that make teenagers feel that they are strange if they are not willing to take risks or break laws，” she said.“This can mean，for example，that when parents expect teens to drink before they turn 21 or to do other risky behaviors，kids are less likely to refuse to do so later in their lives.”
On the other hand，parents’ expectations that teens can exhibit good behaviors and refuse to behave badly or to take risks could help reduce the possibility of bad behavior，Buchanan said.“As a parent，you should put expectations on your children carefully.”
【小题1】The passage is centered around the topic of________.

Teens are more likely to behave badly if their parents expect them to，a new US study has found.
“Parents who believe they are simply being realistic might actually be having a bad effect on their children，” Christy Buchanan，a teacher at Wake Forest University and one of the authors of the study，said. “Bad expectations on the part of both parents and children predict more rebellious (叛逆的) behaviors later on.”
The finding came from a study of more than 250 sixth­ and seventh­graders and their mothers. They were examined at the start of the study and again one year later. If kids’ mothers expected them to take more risks and be more rebellious，higher chances of risky behavior were seen.This_was_also_true when kids had bad expectations of themselves.
“Sometimes parents expect more negative behavior from their children than they should based on the children’s history of behavior，” Buchanan said.Parents shouldn’t be naive (无知的) about the possibility of bad behavior，she said，but it’s also a mistake to think that children who are well­behaved will naturally become rebellious at the age of 13.
“By thinking risk­taking or rebelliousness is normal for teenagers and showing that to their children，parents might add to other messages from society that make teenagers feel that they are strange if they are not willing to take risks or break laws，” she said.“This can mean，for example，that when parents expect teens to drink before they turn 21 or to do other risky behaviors，kids are less likely to refuse to do so later in their lives.”
On the other hand，parents’ expectations that teens can exhibit good behaviors and refuse to behave badly or to take risks could help reduce the possibility of bad behavior，Buchanan said.“As a parent，you should put expectations on your children carefully.”

1. 1.

   The passage is centered around the topic of________.

   1. A.
      parental rights
   2. B.
      children’s habits
   3. C.
      parental education
   4. D.
      parent­children relationship
2. 2.

   What do we know about the study?

   1. A.
      Only mothers were examined.
   2. B.
      Participants were examined twice.
   3. C.
      250 people were examined in the study.
   4. D.
      Christy Buchanan was the only author of the study.
3. 3.

   What does the underlined part “This was also true” in Paragraph 3 refer to?

   1. A.
      The kids were more likely to take dangerous behavior.
   2. B.
      The kids would have bad expectations of their parents.
   3. C.
      The kids were likely to go against their mothers.
   4. D.
      Mothers expected their kids to behave badly.
4. 4.

   Children may be more rebellious if________.

   1. A.
      they know parents think risk­taking is normal
   2. B.
      parents put little expectation on them
   3. C.
      they behave well before they turn 13
   4. D.
      they are asked not to take risks
5. 5.

   What might be the most suitable title for the passage?

   1. A.
      Risk­taking is normal for teens.
   2. B.
      Why are my teens behaving badly?
   3. C.
      Don’t expect too much from your teens.
   4. D.
      Bad expectations lead to bad­behaving teens.

To be sure, only children experienced some things differently from those with sisters and brothers. Many feel more pressure to succeed. In the absence of brothers and sisters, only children also tend to look more exclusively to their parents as role models.

In India, 10-year-old Saviraj Sankpal founded a support group for the tiny minority of only children. Among other things, the group does volunteer work to counter the myth that they are not responsible. “People think we’re treated too kindly and ruined,” says Sankpal, a computer engineering student. “But I’d like to remind them how lonely it can get.”

Most only children, however, say they wish for sisters or brothers only when it comes to caring for aging, unhealthy parents. Britain’s David Emerson, coauthor of the book The Only Child, says that such a person bears a terrible burden in having to make all the decisions alone. Emerson knows from experience: After his father died, he chose to move his elderly mother from their family home, where she was vulnerable(易受攻击的) to house breakers, to a new one with more security. “The move was quite hard on her, and she might feel that I pushed her into it,” he says. “After all, I am left with that responsibility.”

In the future, more and more only children will likely face similar choices. With working mothers increasingly the rule, many families are finding they simply don’t have the time, money or energy to have more than one child. As only children become common, perhaps the world will realize that the charge made against them is unjust.

1.It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s attitude towards only children is 　　　. 

A. critical          B. objective       C. hostile     D. unjust

2.It can be inferred from the passage that only children’s parents should 　　　.

A. find a support group for their only children

B. do volunteer work to help their only children

C. let their only children make all the decision alone

D. set good examples for their only children

3.Emerson decided to move his elderly mother to a new house because he 　　　.

A. is the only one who cares about her

B. doesn’t want to leave her alone

C. wants to share the responsibility with her

D. is worried about her safety

4.It is quite usual now for a working mother to 　　　.

A. spend all her time and money on her only child

B. be responsible for bringing up her only child

C. have and bring up only one child

D. devote all her energy to her job

To be culturally competent, nurses need to understand their own world views and those of the patients. This cultural competence allows you to see the entire picture and improves the quality of care and health outcomes.

   Cultural competence means to really listen to the patients, to find out and learn about the patients' beliefs with regards to health and illness, to provide culturally appropriate care, and to understand culturally influenced health behavior.

   Since the viewpoint of diseases and their causes varies from culture to culture, these individual preferences affect the approaches to health care. Culture also influences how people seek health care and how they behave towards health care providers. Health care providers must possess the ability and knowledge to communicate and understand health behavior influenced by culture. Thus, to deliver culturally competent care, related policies, practices and procedures should be developed.

   CR Meyer, the author of the book, Medicine's Melting Pot, describes four major challenges in health care .The first is the challenge of recognizing clinical(临床的) differences among people of different racial groups. The second is communication. This deals with everything from the need for translators to the differences in words in various languages. Some patients, even in Western cultures don't want to talk about personal matters. The third challenge is ethics(道德规范). Respect for the belief systems of others and the effects of those beliefs on well-being are very important to competent care. The final challenge involves trust. For some patients, authoritative figures are immediately mistrusted, sometimes for good reason. Having been victims of accidents at the hands of authorities in their homelands, many people are as cautious of caregivers themselves as they are of the care.

   As individuals, nurses and health care providers, we need to learn to ask questions skillfully and show respect for different cultural beliefs. Most importantly, we must listen to our patients carefully. The main source of problems in caring for patients from diverse cultural backgrounds is the lack of understanding.

81. According to the passage, what can lead to the improvement of the quality of health care? 

(No more than 2 words ) (2 marks)

   ______________________________________________________________________________________

82. Why are people from different countries likely to have different approaches to health care?

(No more than 13 words) (2 marks)

   ______________________________________________________________________________________

83. According to CR Meyer, why are many people cautious of both caregivers and the care?

 ( No more than 16 words ) (3 marks)

   _______________________________________________________________________________________                                        

84. How can the care providers avoid the problems caused by the lack of understanding?

(No more than 17 words) (3 marks)

   _______________________________________________________________________________________

To be sure, only children experienced some things differently from those with sisters and brothers. Many feel more pressure to succeed. In the absence of brothers and sisters, only children also tend to look more exclusively to their parents as role models.
In India, 10-year-old Saviraj Sankpal founded a support group for the tiny minority of only children. Among other things, the group does volunteer work to counter the myth that they are not responsible. “People think we’re treated too kindly and ruined,” says Sankpal, a computer engineering student. “But I’d like to remind them how lonely it can get.”
Most only children, however, say they wish for sisters or brothers only when it comes to caring for aging, unhealthy parents. Britain’s David Emerson, coauthor of the book The Only Child, says that such a person bears a terrible burden in having to make all the decisions alone. Emerson knows from experience: After his father died, he chose to move his elderly mother from their family home, where she was vulnerable(易受攻击的) to house breakers, to a new one with more security. “The move was quite hard on her, and she might feel that I pushed her into it,” he says. “After all, I am left with that responsibility.”
In the future, more and more only children will likely face similar choices. With working mothers increasingly the rule, many families are finding they simply don’t have the time, money or energy to have more than one child. As only children become common, perhaps the world will realize that the charge made against them is unjust

1. 1.

   It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s attitude towards only children is 　　　

   1. A.
      critical
   2. B.
      objective
   3. C.
      hostile
   4. D.
      unjust
2. 2.

   It can be inferred from the passage that only children’s parents should 　　　

   1. A.
      find a support group for their only children
   2. B.
      do volunteer work to help their only children
   3. C.
      let their only children make all the decision alone
   4. D.
      set good examples for their only children
3. 3.

   Emerson decided to move his elderly mother to a new house because he 　　　

   1. A.
      is the only one who cares about her
   2. B.
      doesn’t want to leave her alone
   3. C.
      wants to share the responsibility with her
   4. D.
      is worried about her safety
4. 4.

   It is quite usual now for a working mother to 　　　

   1. A.
      spend all her time and money on her only child
   2. B.
      be responsible for bringing up her only child
   3. C.
      have and bring up only one child
   4. D.
      devote all her energy to her job