Most young people enjoy some form of physical activity. It may be walking, cycling or swimming, or in winter, skating or skiing. It may be a game of some kind of football, hockey, golf, or tennis, it may be mountaineering.

Those who have a passion for climbing high and difficult mountains are often looked upon with astonishment. Why are men and women willing to suffer cold and hardship, and to take risks on high mountains? This astonishment is caused probably by the difference between mountaineering and other forms of activity to which men give their leisure.

Mountaineering is a sport and not a game. There are no man-made rules, as there’re for such games as golf and football. There are, of course, rules of a different kind which it would be dangerous to ignore, but it is this freedom from man-made rules that makes mountaineering attractive to many people. Those who climb mountains are free to use their own methods. If we compare mountaineering and other more familiar sports, we might think that one big difference is that mountaineering is not a “team game”. We should be mistaken in this. There are, it is true, no “matches” between “teams” of climbers, but when climbers are on a rock face linked by a rope on which their lives may depend on, there is obviously teamwork.

The mountain climber knows that he may have to fight forces that are stronger and more powerful than man. He has to fight the forces of nature. His sport requires high mental and physical qualities.

A mountain climber continues to improve in skill year after year. A skier is probably past his best by the age of thirty, and most international tennis champions are in their early twenties. But it is not unusual for a man of fifty or sixty to climb the highest mountains in the Alps. They may take more time than younger men, but they probably climb with more skill and less waste of effort, and they certainly experience equal enjoyment.

1. Mountaineering is a sport, which involves　　　　 .

A. hardship

B. physical risk

C. cold

D. all of the above

2. The main difference between a sport and a game lies in 　　　　 .

A. uniform

B. rules

C. activity

D. skills

3. Mountaineering is also a team sport because 　　　　 .

A. it involves rules

B. it involves matches between teams

C. it requires mental and physical qualities

D. mountaineers depend on each other while climbing

4. Which of the following is TRUE?

A. Mountaineers compete against each other.

B. Mountaineers compete against other teams.

C. Mountaineers compete against nature.

D. Mountaineers compete against international standards.

5. What is the BEST title for the passage?

A. Mountaineering.

B. Mountain Climbers.

C. Mountaineering Is Different from Golf and Football.

D. Mountaineering Is More Dangerous than Other Sports.

When we talk about a bad man, we like to call him a “wolf”.But is it really true that the wolf stands for devil and ugliness.?

Have you read the book “The Wolf Totem” by a famous writer Jiang Rong, which tells the story of the relationship between wolves and human beings? Have you ever ?　36　? the wolves' world? If you had, you would ?　37　? the wolves.?

In the book, wolves are heroes on the large grassland. They know more about ?　38　? than humans. They can attack lambs without disturbing their mothers. They also know how to ?　39　? full use of the shape of land to ?　40　? sheep. I believe that if wolves were humans, they would be ?　41　? experts good at fighting.?

The wolf is a kind of special creature that can deeply understand ?　42　?.Each wolf serves its group with its heart and soul. A ?　43　? wolf has little power, but a pack of wolves ?　44　? nothing. All the wolves obey the rules.?　45　? they are defeated, they run away together. It is their teamwork ?　46　? makes wolves powerful.?

The wolves also have great self?respect and won't ?　47　? to anyone. The writer, who wrote the book “The Wolf Totem”,?　48　? stole a one-month-old baby wolf and raised it very carefully. To his ?　49　?,he found the little wolf still wanted to go back with ?　50　? wolves. He bit through the iron chain that limited him. The wolf was ?　51　? and he never gave in, fighting ?　52　? his death. The little wolf died as a glorious fighter.?

I was shocked by this kind of ?　53　?:wolves are one of the most respected creatures on earth. I want everyone to look at wolves in a ?　54　? way. They are our teachers. They show us how to survive and ?　55　? in this not simple and dangerous world. Please honor the wolves, please honor all these heroes of nature!

36. A. thought about      B. walked into          C. talked about     D. cared for?

37. A. hunt             B. admire        C. draw           D. watch

38. A. space            B. spot           C. food             D. survival?

39. A. get                   B. take           C. Have            D. make?

40. A. fight            B. avoid         C. Trap             D. discover?

41. A. special          B. imaginative          C. Outstanding      D. creative?

42. A. operation         B. teamwork       C. lifestyle          D. control

43. A. single           B. brave          C. lonely         D. fair?

44. A. fight            B. struggle          C. fear            D. fail

45. A. As for           B. As though     C. Even so          D. Even if?

46. A. what             B. he             C. That            D. one?

47. A. turn in           B. give in         C. take in               D. break in?

48. A. once              B. just           C. Soon           D. only?

49. A. satisfaction       B. disappointment C. pleasure         D. sorrow

50. A. rest               B. others           C. Another         D. the other

51. A. proud            B. satisfied        C. Willing          D. eager

52. A. until              B. although       C. before         D. unless

53. A. selflessness       B. self-confidence C. self-respect    D. self-protection

54. A. curious          B. different       C. strange           D. humorous?

55. A. walk             B. hand         C. get              D. succeed

When we talk about a bad man, we like to call him a “wolf”. But is it really true that the wolf stands for devil and ugliness?

Have you read the book The Wolf Totem（狼图腾） by a famous writer Jiang Rong which tells the story of the relationship between wolves and human beings? Have you ever   36   the wolves’ world? If you had, you would   37   the wolves.

In the book, wolves are heroes on the large grassland. They know more about   38   than humans. They can attack lambs without disturbing their mothers. They also know how to   39    full use of the shape of land to   40   sheep. I believe that if wolves were humans, they would be   41   experts good at fighting.

The wolf is a kind of special creature that can deeply understand   42  . Each wolf serves its group with its heart and soul. A   43   wolf has little power, but a pack of wolves   44   nothing. All the wolves obey the rules.   45   they are defeated, they run away together. It is their teamwork   46   makes wolves powerful.

The wolves also have great self-respect and won’t   47   to anyone. The writer, who wrote the book The Wolf Totem，  48   stole a one-month-old baby wolf and raised it very carefully. To his   49  , he found the little wolf still wanted to go back with   50   wolves. He bit through the iron chain that limited him. The wolf was   51   and he never gave in, fighting   52   his death. The little wolf died as a glorious fighter.

I was shocked by this kind of   53  : wolves are one of the most respected creatures on earth. I want everyone to look at wolves in a   54   way. They are our teachers. They show us how to survive and   55   in this not simple and dangerous world. Please honor the wolves, please honor all these heroes of nature!_　

In Japan many workers who work in large corporations have a guarantee of lifetime employment. During their employment, they will not be laid off during recessions(经济萧条) or when the tasks they perform are taken over by robots. To some observers, this is what they call capitalism at its best, because workers are treated as people not things. Others see it as necessarily inefficient and they also believe it cannot continue if Japan is to remain competitive with foreign corporations by being more concerned about profits and less concerned about people.
　　Defenders of the system argue that those who call it inefficient do not understand how it really works. In the first place not every Japanese worker has the guarantee of a lifetime job. The lifetime employment system includes only “regular employees”. Many employees are not included in this category, including all women. All businesses have many part-time and temporary employees. These workers are hired and laid off during the course of the business cycle just as employees in the United States are. These “irregular workers” make up about 10 percent of the non-agricultural work force. Additionally, Japanese firms keep some flexibility through the large-scale use of subcontractors（转承包者）. This practice is much more common in Japan than in the United States.
　　The use of both subcontractors and temporary workers has increased remarkably in Japan since the 1974-1975 recessions. All this leads some people to argue that the Japanese system is not all that different from the American system. During recessions Japanese corporations lay off temporary workers and give less business to subcontractors. In the United States, corporations lay off those workers with the least seniority(资历). The difference then is probably less than the term “lifetime employment” suggests, but there still is a difference. And this difference cannot be understood without looking at the values of Japanese society. The relationship between employer and employee cannot be explained in purely contractual(合同的) terms. Firms hold on to the employees and employees stay with one firm. There are also practical reasons for not jumping from job to job. Most retirement benefits come from the employer. Changing jobs means losing these benefits. Also, teamwork is an essential part of Japanese production. Moving to a new firm means adapting to a different team and at least temporarily, possessing lower productivity and lower pay.
61.It is stated in the second paragraph that ____.
　　A. defenders themselves do not appreciate the system
　　B. about 90% of “irregular workers” are employed in agriculture
　　C. the business cycle occurs more often in Japan and in the U.S.
　　D. not all employees can benefit from the policy
62. During recessions those who are to be fired first in the U.S. corporations are ____.
　　A. regular employees                   B. part-time workers
C. junior employees                     D. temporary workers
63. According to the passage, Japanese firms are remarkably different from American firms in that the former ____.
　　A. use subcontractors in larger amount
　　B. are less flexible in terms of lifetime employment
　　C. hold on to the values of society
　　D. are more efficient in competition than the latter
64. Which of the following does NOT account for the fact that a Japanese worker is unwilling to change his job?
　　A. He will probably be low-paid.
　　B. He will not be able to possess some job benefits.
　　C. He has got used to the teamwork.
　　D. He will be looked down upon by his prospective employer.
65. Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?
A. The guarantee of employment in Japan
B. The consequence of the Japanese system
C. The advantages of lifetime employment in Japan
D. The expectations of capitalism