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　　We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it．

　　Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils．The standards may be changed –no examination is perfect－but to have no tests or examinations would mean the end of equality and of standards．There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in examinations or in any controls in schools or on teachers．This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pupil would depend on the efficien, the values and the purpose of each teacher．

　　Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them－a form of favourtism will replace equality．At the moment, the bright child from an ill-respected school can show certificates to prove he or she is suitable for a job, while the lack of certificate indicates the unsuitability of a dull child attending a well-respected school．This defence of excellence and opportunity would disappear if examinations were taken away, and the bright child from a poor family would be a prisoner of his or her school’s reputation, unable to compete for employment with the child from the favoured school．

　　The opponents of the examination system suggest that examinations are an evil force because they show differences between pupils．According to these people, there must be no special, different, academic class．They have even suggested that there should be no form of difference in sport or any other area：all jobs or posts should be filled by unsystematic selection．The selection would be made by people who themselves are probably selected by some computer．

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阅读理解

　　When researchers made their first clone of an animal, Dolly the Sheep, in 1997, one doctor said,“The genie(妖怪)is out of the bottle．”But then he tried to actually create the“genie”by making a human clone．

　　Dr．Panayiotis Zavos told the public on October 5 that he could create the first cloned human before the end of the year．He is an expert on human copying and raising from the University of Kentucky in the United States．

　　His workers have been stopped from carrying out research in most European Union countries, but Zavos said that fact was not slowing progress．

　　“It is going well enough so we may try the first production of cloned embryos(胚胎)in the very near future．That is, three or four months from now,”Cypriot-born Zavos said．He moved to the United States over 30 years ago．

　　Human cloning could, in effect, create a copy of another living or dead person．But Zavos insisted there was nothing harmful in the project．As an expert on human reproduction, he said he is only interested in helping couples who cannot naturally have babies to have a child．“We are not interested in cloning people like Bin Laden, Michael Jackson or Michael Jordan,”the doctor added．

　　“We are only interested in helping a father who does not have the ability to have a biological child of his own．”

　　Zavos said thousands of childless people from all over the world are helping in their research．He would not say where the research is under way, but indicated that it is in more than one country．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

Make Up Your Mind to Succeed

　　Kind－hearted parents have unknowingly left their children defenseless against failure．The generation born between 1980 and 2001 grew up playing sports where scores and performance were played down because “everyone's winter．” And their report cards sounded more positive(正面的)than ever before．As a result, Stanford University professor Carol Dweck, PhD, calls them “the overpraised generation．”

　　Dweck has been studying how people deal with failure for 40 years．Her research has led her to find out two clearly different mind－sets that have a great effect on how we react to it．Here's how they work：

　　A fixed mind－set is grounded in the belief that talent(才能)is genetic－you’re a born artist, point guard, or numbers person．The fixed mind－set believes it's sure to succeed without much effort and regards failure as personal shame．When things get difficult, it's quick to blame, lie, and even stay away from future difficulties．

　　On the other hand, a growth mind－set believes that no talent is entirely heaven－sent and that effort and learning make everything possible．Because the ego(自尊)isn't on the line as much, the growth mind－set sees failure as a chance rather than shame．When faced with a difficulty, it's quick to rethink, change and try again．In fact, it enjoys this experience．

　　We are all born with growth mind－sets．(Otherwise, we wouldn't be able to live in the world．)But parents, teachers, and instructors often push us into fixed mind－sets by encouraging certain actions and misdirecting praise．Dweck's book, Mind－set：The New Psychology of Success, and online instructional program explain this in depth．But she says there are many little things you can start doing today to make sure that your children, grandchildren and even you are never defeated by failure．

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阅读理解

阅读短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出最佳选项。

　　We are all called upon to make a speech at some point in life, but most of us don’t do a very good job．This article gives some suggestions on how to give an effective speech．

　　So, you have to give a speech - and you’re terrified．You get nervous, you forget what you want to say, you stumble over words, you talk too long, and you bore your audience．Later you think, “Thank goodness, it’s over, I’m just no good at public speaking．I hope I never have to do that again．”

　　Cheer up! It doesn’t have to be that bad．Here are some simple steps to take the pain out of speech making．Ask yourself the purpose of your speech．What is the occasion? Why are you speaking? Then, gather as many facts as you can on your subject．Spend plenty of time doing your research．Then spend plenty of time organizing your material so that your speech is clear and easy to follow use as many examples as possible, and use pictures, charts, and graphs if they will help you make your points more clearly．Never forget your audience．Don’t talk over their heads, and don’t talk down to them．Treat your audience with respect．They will appreciate your thoughtfulness．

　　Just remember; be prepared．Know your subject, your audience, and the occasion．Be brief．Say what you have to say and then stop．And be yourself．Let your personality come through so that you make person - to - person contact with your audience．

　　If you follow these simple steps, you’ll see that you don’t have to be afraid of public speaking．In fact, you may find the experience so enjoyable that you volunteer to make more speeches! You’re not convinced yet? Give it a try and see what happens．

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