In ancient times the most important examinations were spoken, not 　 1　 . In the 　 2　 of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually　　3 　 saying poetry aloud or giving speeches.

In the European universities of the Middle Ages, students who were 　 4　 for advanced degrees had to　　5　 questions in their field of study with people who had made a special study of the subject. This　 6　 exists today as part of the process of,　　7 　 candidates (应试者) for the doctor's degree.

Generally,　　8　 , modern examinations are written. The written examination,　　9　 all students are tested on the same questions, was probably　　10　 until the nineteenth century. Perhaps it came into existence with the great 　 11　 in population and the development of modern industry. A room full of candidates for a state examination,　 12 　 exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers, is similar to a group of　 13　 at an automobile factory. Certainly, during examinations teachers and students are　 14　 to act like machines.

One type of test is sometimes　　15　 an "objective test". It is intended to deal with facts, not　　16　 opinions. To　 17 　 an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has　　18　 one correct answer. Along with each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that　　19　 answers to students who have not learned the material　　20　 .

1. A. writing B. speaking C. written D. listening

2. A. governments B. schools C. homes D. offices

3. A. considered B. enjoyed C. suggested D. included

4. A. working B. teaching C. looking D. waiting

5. A. raise B. answer C. talk D. discuss

6. A. work B. university C. custom D. question

7. A. asking B. producing C. testing D. hiring

8. A. but B. however C. though D. still

9. A. where B. that C. when D. which

10. A. known B. not known C. worked out D. not worked out

11. A. progress B. development C. decrease D. increase

12. A. timed B. measured C. controlled D. required

13. A. machines B. cars C. workers D. students

14. A. willing B. expected C. hoped D. imagined

15. A. made B. given C. treated D. called

16. A. own B. social C. personal D. true

17. A. make sure B. make out C. make use of D. make up

18. A. nearly B. at least C. only D. more than

19. A. are B. look like C. give D. look as if

20. A. properly B. happy C. ago D. easily