Dogs have an understanding of fair play and become angry if they feel that another dog is getting a better deal, a new study has found.
The study looked at how dogs react when a companion is rewarded for the same trick in an unequal way. Friederike Range, a famous researcher, and her colleagues did a series of experiments with dogs who knew how to respond to the command “give the paw”. The dogs were normally happy to repeatedly give the paw, whether they got a reward or not.
But that changed if they saw that another dog was being rewarded with a piece of food, while they received nothing. The dogs hesitated significantly longer when obeying the command to give the paw. Eventually, the unrewarded dogs stopped cooperating.
Researchers always assumed that only humans pay close attention to unfairness. That changed in 2003 when Frans De Waal, a professor of psychology, and a colleague named Sarah Brosnan did a survey on monkeys. Monkeys had to hand a small rock to researchers to get a piece of cucumber(黄瓜) in return. However, the monkeys would suddenly become angry when receiving the piece of cucumber if they saw another monkey receive a more delicious reward, such as a grape, for doing the same job. The monkey that got the cucumber would eventually throw away the food and the rock, and would later just stop performing.
In that experiment, the monkeys considered the fairness of two different types of payment, but when Range and her colleagues did a similar study with their trained dogs, testing to see if dogs would become upset if they only got bread when other dogs received sausage, they found that dogs did not make that kind of subtle (细微的) distinction. As long as the dogs got some kind of food payment, even if it wasn’t the most delicious kind, they would play along.

  1. 1.

    The dogs refused to give their paws when they _____________________.

    1. A.
      were given too much reward
    2. B.
      realized they received less food
    3. C.
      found another dog was given nothing
    4. D.
      felt they were being treated unequally
  2. 2.

    The underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to “__________________”.

    1. A.
      the dogs obeyed the command happily
    2. B.
      the dogs waited for a reward
    3. C.
      the dogs hesitated to give the paw
    4. D.
      the dogs stopped cooperating
  3. 3.

    The monkeys would become angry if they found _____________________.

    1. A.
      they were being given the same type of food
    2. B.
      another monkey did much less work
    3. C.
      another monkey was offered tastier food
    4. D.
      other monkeys threw food and rocks
  4. 4.

    Range finds that, compared with monkeys, dogs __________________.

    1. A.
      enjoy playing interesting games with humans
    2. B.
      prefer to do the same jobs as humans
    3. C.
      pay little attention to the type of reward received
    4. D.
      aren’t sensitive to the stimulation (刺激) of food

About 45 percent of Americans don’t get enough sleep, according to a recent survey. However, the benefits of getting enough sleep far outweigh the thrill of watching TV for one more hour or surfing the web. Getting a better night’s sleep will help you lose or keep your weight more effectively. Try these simple steps to improve your quality of sleep.
Take time to relax
So many of us go-go-go until it’s time for bed, but it’s important to take time to slow down and relax before sleeping. Do relaxing things, such as listening to soothing (抚慰的) music or deep breathing. Avoid stimulating (刺激的) activities such as writing e-mails, talking on the phone and watching TV. Some guidelines (指导方针): no e-mail after 8 p.m. and no TV or phone calls after 9 p.m..
Darker is better
Your body regulates your sleep cycle in response to the presence and absence of light, so dim the lights as evening approaches. Try getting ready for bed by candlelight. When you’re ready to sleep, make sure your room is as dark as possible.
Put your thoughts to bed
We all need time to process our day, but bed is not the place to do it if you want to sleep well. Take 10 to 15 minutes to record your thoughts in a journal. This effective technique will capture what’s in your mind so you don’t lie awake. Tell yourself you’re putting your thoughts to bed so that you can go to bed.
No sugar or alcohol before bed
These may wake you up. If you need a snack before bed, make it protein.
Try to get more sleep
Get an extra hour or two of sleep every night for a week and see how you feel. You’ll notice the difference!

  1. 1.

    The purpose of writing this text is to ________________________.

    1. A.
      share some ways to slow down and relax before sleeping
    2. B.
      guide readers to improve their quality of sleep
    3. C.
      tell readers the importance of getting a good night’s sleep
    4. D.
      publish the results of a recent survey on quality of sleep
  2. 2.

    According to the text, we know that __________________________.

    1. A.
      we should keep our bedrooms in strong light before going to bed
    2. B.
      writing a diary may excite us and influence our sleep
    3. C.
      we should never get up later on weekends than we do on weekdays
    4. D.
      candlelight is a good choice for our bedrooms when we’re getting ready to sleep
  3. 3.

    We should take time to slow down because it can _________________________.

    1. A.
      inform us of the importance of sleeping
    2. B.
      signal to our body it’s time to sleep
    3. C.
      tell us to stop watching TV for making phone calls
    4. D.
      tell us not to do stimulating activities

A chocolate printer that allows sweet lovers to create 3D desserts by themselves is to go on sale at a cost of 2,500 pounds.
The machine squirts (喷射) out chocolate and, via computer instructions, allows the user to build any shape they like out of the food. But makers Choc Edge have missed the Easter rush. Even so, they hope the printer will be snapped up by retailers (零售商) immediately they come to the market. Britain’s biggest chocolatiers Thornton’s have already said they are interested. Because of the high cost, however, few individuals are likely to buy one. But the devicecould one day allow people to design their own 3D objects after submitting their designs on a website. Dr Hao, founder of Choc Edge came up with a prototype (原型) last year and has only just perfected it so that it can now go on sale. “We’ve improved and simplified the machine, so now it is really easy to use,” he told the BBC. “You just need to melt some chocolate, fill a syringe (注射器) that is stored in the printer, and get creative printing of your chocolate.”    
3D printing is a technology where a three dimensional object is created by building up successive layers of material. The technology is already used in industry to produce plastic and metal products, but this is the first time the principles have been applied to chocolate. The research has presented many challenges. Chocolate is not an easy material to work with because it requires accurate heating and cooling cycles. Dr Hao said, “What makes this technology special is that users will be able to design and make their own products. From reproducing the shape of a child’s favourite toy to a friend’s face, the possibilities are endless. It could be developed to help consumers design many products from different materials, but we’ve started with chocolate as it is easily available, low cost and harmless.” “There is also no wastage as any spoilage (损坏物) can be eaten.” Dr Hao added, “Eventually we may see many mass-produced products replaced by unique designs created by the customer.”

EPSRC chief executive Professor Dave Delpy said, “This is a good example of how creative research can be applied to create new manufacturing and retail ideas. By combining developments in engineering with the commercial potential of the digital economy，We can see the new market prospect (前景)—creating new jobs and, in this case, the chocolate printer is called sweet business opportunities.”

  1. 1.

    Which is the advantage of the chocolate printer?

    1. A.
      It is easilyavailable, low cost and harmless.
    2. B.
      It mainly produces children’s favourite toys.
    3. C.
      The user can build the shape they like via computer instructions.
    4. D.
      The designs made by it are the same as many mass-produced products.
  2. 2.

    What can we conclude from the passage?

    1. A.
      The printer sold well during last Easter.
    2. B.
      The technology of 3D printing promises a good future.
    3. C.
      The printer was perfected and went on sale many years ago.
    4. D.
      It’s the first time that the technology has been used in industry.
  3. 3.

    Dave Delpy’s attitude towards the chocolate printer is __________.

    1. A.
      doubtful
    2. B.
      supportive
    3. C.
      negative
    4. D.
      critical
  4. 4.

    We can conclude that this passage is a __________.

    1. A.
      science fiction
    2. B.
      book review
    3. C.
      news report
    4. D.
      travel guide

Jeanne Calment, a French woman, became a record breaker on 17 October of 1995, when at the age of 120 years and 238 days, she became the longest-lived human being on record. A Japanese man died in 1986 at the age of 120 years and 237 days.
Jeanne Calment lives in a small old people’s home in the south of France; her husband, her only child and her grandson have all died. She is nearly blind and deaf and is always in a wheelchair, but her doctor describes her as being more like a 90-year-old in good health than someone of 120. She still has a lively sense of humor. When asked on her 120th birthday what she expected of the future, she replied: A very short one. She also remarked that she thought the good Lord had forgotten all about her. 
So what is the key to a long life? According to some doctors, diet, exercise and no smoking are the three important factors. Jeanne Calment has followed two of the tips(窍门). She has always eaten a healthy diet, and she used to do exercises every day until she broke her leg at the age of 115. However, until recently she drank two glassed of strong red wine a day, and she does smoke (now only a little). Besides, Jeanne Calment might have got very good genes(基因) from her parents. Her father lived to the age of 94 and her mother to 86. 
A local lawyer bought her house when she was 80 under an agreement that he would pay her some money every year until her death. It must have seemed a good move at the time, but so far the lawyer has paid her at least three times the value of the house. Every year on her birthday Jeanne Calment sends him a card saying:
Sorry, I’m still alive!

  1. 1.

    How does Jeanne Calment feel about her old age?

    1. A.
      She is miserable and unhappy.
    2. B.
      She is cheerful and humorous.
    3. C.
      She would like to live much longer.
    4. D.
      She feels she is going to die very soon.
  2. 2.

    Jeanne Calment owes her good health and long life to _______.

    1. A.
      smoking only a little every day
    2. B.
      her giving up smoking and drinking
    3. C.
      drinking two glasses of strong red wine every day
    4. D.
      the good genes from her parents, a healthy diet and some exercises
  3. 3.

    Which of the following could best replace the word “move” in the fourth paragraph?

    1. A.
      deal
    2. B.
      trick
    3. C.
      march
    4. D.
      sport
  4. 4.

    Why does Jeanne Calment say “Sorry, I’m still alive” to the local lawyer every year on her birthday?

    1. A.
      Because she had an agreement at 80 with the lawyer which was to her advantage.
    2. B.
      Because she has asked the lawyer to pay her more rent than they first agreed.
    3. C.
      Because the lawyer has paid her much more money than the value of the house.
    4. D.
      Because the house she sold to the lawyer isn’t worth the money he has already paid.

Milan, the second largest city of Italy, has won an undesirable world record. Of the 54 big cities studied by the World Health Organization and the United Nations, Milan is considered to have the worst air pollution. According to these two10-year studies, the level of air pollution in Milan is twice as high as the levels in Paris and Beijing and three times those in Tokyo and London, and four times that in New York. The reason for Milan's bad pollution, to some experts, is that the city lies in a valley that holds back the poisonous gases. Though Milan has taken some measures to lower the level of pollution, the situation is still worrying. People joke to each other, "If you are traveling to Milan, be sure to bring your gas mask." In order to reduce the use of private cars, in 1979, the government in Milan began an interesting experiment: passengers in the city buses did not have to pay for their tickets.

  1. 1.

    Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the text?

    1. A.
      Milan's air is considered to be worst polluted in Europe.
    2. B.
      Experts think that the air in Milan is badly polluted.
    3. C.
      The reason for the air pollution in Milan.
    4. D.
      Measures have been taken by Milan to reduce the air pollution.
  2. 2.

    Which of the following cities keeps the lowest level of air pollution?

    1. A.
      London.
    2. B.
      Tokyo.
    3. C.
      New York.
    4. D.
      Paris.
  3. 3.

    Why is the air pollution in Milan so serious?

    1. A.
      Because too many cars are being driven in the city every day.
    2. B.
      Because the city lies in a place where there are some mountains near it.
    3. C.
      Because Milan has taken some measures to encourage people to buy private cars.
    4. D.
      Because the city lies in a place where it is difficult for polluted air to move away.
  4. 4.

    According to the text, which of the following is TRUE?

    1. A.
      Milan has taken some measures and the air pollution is being reduced.
    2. B.
      Milan has taken some action, but the air pollution is still troublesome.
    3. C.
      Milan has made no effort so far to lower the level of pollution.
    4. D.
      Milan will taken every step to reduce the air pollution

Although credit cards are becoming a more acceptable part of the financial scene, they are still regarded with doubts by many as being a major part of the “live now pay later” syndrome（综合症）.Along with hire-purchase, rental and leasing schemes（租赁项目）, they provide encouragement to spend more money.Of course, it is only the hotheaded who give way to the temptation to live, temporarily at least, beyond their means, and such people would no doubt manage to do so even without credit cards.
Advertising campaigns have, however, promoted a growing realization of the advantages of these small pieces of plastic. They prevent need to carry large amounts of cash and are always useful in emergencies.
All the credit card organizations charge interest on a monthly basis which may work out as high as 25 per cent a year, yet sensible purchasing using a card can mean that you obtain up to seven weeks, interest-free credit.Using the card abroad, where items frequently take a long time to be included on your account, can extend this period even further.
It is worthwhile shopping around before deciding on a particular credit card. It is necessary to consider the amount of credit granted; interest rates, which may vary slightly; the number and range of outlets（经销店）, though most cards cover major garages, hotels, restaurants and department stores; and of course, what happens if your card is lost or stolen.A credit card thief may be sitting on a potential goldmine particularly if there is a delay in reporting the loss of the card.
However, if used wisely, a credit card can cost nothing, or at least help to tide you over a period of financial difficulty.

  1. 1.

    The hotheaded are people who ________.

    1. A.
      spend more money than they have
    2. B.
      spend less money than other people
    3. C.
      save money
    4. D.
      make money
  2. 2.

    The disadvantage of credit cards is ________.

    1. A.
      to enable you to buy things without carrying large amount of cash
    2. B.
      to encourage people to spend more money
    3. C.
      to be always useful in emergencies
    4. D.
      to help people tide over a period of financial difficulty
  3. 3.

    Deciding on a particular credit, you do not have to consider ________.

    1. A.
      the amount of credit granted
    2. B.
      the number and range of outlets
    3. C.
      the possibility of loss of money
    4. D.
      the department stores where you are going to use your credit cards
  4. 4.

    The underlined words in the last paragraph probably means ________.

    1. A.
      floating with the tide of
    2. B.
      going through a difficult period of
    3. C.
      rising and falling with the tide of
    4. D.
      attempting to go against the tide of

Spring is the time to go out and enjoy the weather and scenery.Here are some events to attend in March of 2012 in Oregon!
Oregon Country Fair（OCF）, 9 am to 7 pm on March 8 - 10
OCF first started in 1969, and it’s blossomed into an outstanding example of what a non - profit should be. OCF is an event of shopping & atmosphere, and food ranging from Indian & Afghani cuisine to Italian & France cuisine.Wonderful craft & music never stop.From the time you get there until the time you leave, everyone has a smile on their faces, and they wave and say hello.For tickets, go and visit www.Oregoncountryfair.org.
30th Annual Seaside Beach Volleyball Tournament, 8 am to 6 pm on March 12 - 14
The Annual Seaside Beach Volleyball Tournament is an amateur tournament that draws amateur volleyball players to the small town of seaside, as well as AVP Team players who are the best volleyball players.In the past years, it has drawn more than 700 teams playing on over 80 volleyball courts.Just go west, and you can’t miss it.It is about 20 miles south of Astoria.To learn more about it, visit the website www.Seasideor.com.
Hood to Coast Relay, 3:30 am to 6:45 pm on March 26 - 27
The Hood to Coast Relay is a 200 - mile - long relay that consists of 15, 000 runners and 4, 100 volunteers.It’s the largest relay in the world, which goes from Mt.Hood to Pacific Ocean in Seaside, Oregon.People of the Oregon coast fear Hood to Coast, because local towns and streets are flooded.There are audiences cheering riders on, and many people set up stations to give riders water.If you would like to get the race route maps, visit the website www. Hoodtocoast. com.
Other event information
To learn about other events, visit the website www. Aadfv. Blogspot. com.

  1. 1.

    OCF covers the following EXCEPT ________.

    1. A.
      music
    2. B.
      dishes
    3. C.
      dance
    4. D.
      artworks
  2. 2.

    When was the first Seaside Beach Volleyball Tournament held in Oregon?

    1. A.
      In 1982.
    2. B.
      In 1986.
    3. C.
      In 1988.
    4. D.
      In 1992.
  3. 3.

    If Lisa wants to learn more about an outing in Oregon, she may visit _______.

    1. A.
      www.Seasideor.com.
    2. B.
      www.Hoodtocoast.com.
    3. C.
      www.aadfv.blogspot.com.
    4. D.
      www.Oregoncountryfair.org.
  4. 4.

    Locals of the Oregon coast are afraid of the relay because ________.

    1. A.
      the relay will last a long period
    2. B.
      they have to offer food and water
    3. C.
      the weather is bad during the relay
    4. D.
      too many people will go there

With five breakout （破纪录的） games, Jeremy Lin has become the NBA's newest star.
In the New York Knicks' 92-85 won over the Los Angles Lakers last Saturday, Lin had a career-high 38 points.A day later, he led the Knicks to their fifth victory, 100-98 to Minnesota Timberwolves.In his previous games, Lin, 23, had 23 points against the Washington, 25 points against New Jersey and 28 against Utah in his first start.
Lin is smart.Before graduating from high school in California, he had sent his application to all the Ivy League Schools （常青藤联盟）.He only got into Harvard and Brown, and he chose Harvard.In 2010, Lin graduated with a degree in economics.
Lin is the first Chinese-American player in the NBA.He was born in the US and his family is Asian.Although not born in China, Lin has attracted nearly all Yao Ming's old fans, who see him as a powerful role model.
He started off on the Golden State Warriors.Lin first signed with the Warriors in July, 2010, but seldom played in games before the start of the fourth quarter.His first time on the court for the Warriors earned him seven points, three rebounds （篮板球） and two assists in just 11 minutes.
He is really perfect for the Knicks.The New York Knicks has been in need of a reliable point guard and to Mike D'Antoni, the Knicks coach who's going through a difficult season, Lin is a most unexpected figure."Lin just does everything easy and the rest of the guys around him are playing the way we want to," D'Antoni said."I think it's for real, and it can only get better."

  1. 1.

    In which team did Lin start his career in NBA?

    1. A.
      the New York Knicks.
    2. B.
      The Golden State Warriors.
    3. C.
      Minnesota Timberwolves.
    4. D.
      The Los Angles Lakers.
  2. 2.

    From the passage, we learn that ___.

    1. A.
      the New York Knicks has never been defeated
    2. B.
      Lin is an American-Chinese basketball player
    3. C.
      most of Yao Ming's fans take Lin as a great role model
    4. D.
      after graduation from Harvard, Lin signed with the Knicks
  3. 3.

    From the passage, it can be inferred that ____.

    1. A.
      Lin is the team leader of the Knicks
    2. B.
      the Knicks' success only depends on Lin
    3. C.
      the Knicks'coach puts strong hopes on Lin
    4. D.
      the Knicks is sure to win the season this year
  4. 4.

    The author's purpose of writing the report is ____.

    1. A.
      to show his support for the Knicks
    2. B.
      to express his love for Jeremy Lin
    3. C.
      to report the progress of the Knicks
    4. D.
      to introduce a newest rising NBA star

How many coins do you have in your pocket right now? Three? Two? Or one? With a phone card, you can make up to 200 calls without any charges at all.
★What do you do with it?
Go to a telephone box marked "Phone-card".Put in your card to start, make your phone call and when you have finished, the screen will tell you how much is left on your card.It costs no extra for the cards, and the calls cost 10 p（便士） per unit, the same as any other pay-phone call.You can buy it in units of 10, 20, 40, 50, or 100.
★Appear in a shop nearby.
Near each card-phone place, you will find a shop where you can buy one.They are at bus, train or metro stations.At universities, hospitals, clubs, restaurants and shopping centers, you can also buy it.
★No more broken pay-phones.
It is possible that many pay-phones don't work because they have been damaged. There are no coins in a card-phone to excite the thieves' interest in it.So you are not probably to find a broken one.
Get a phone-card yourself and try it out.Or get a bigger wallet.

  1. 1.

    The passage is most probably ____.

    1. A.
      a warning
    2. B.
      a notice
    3. C.
      an advertisement
    4. D.
      an announcement
  2. 2.

    The underlined word "one" means ____.

    1. A.
      a shop
    2. B.
      a coin
    3. C.
      a pay-phone
    4. D.
      a phone-card
  3. 3.

    It is suggested in the passage that you buy a phone-card because ____.

    1. A.
      you have got a bigger wallet than others
    2. B.
      it's convenient to make calls with a phone card
    3. C.
      the phone box might have been damaged
    4. D.
      there are many different kinds of phone-cards

When Kathy and Victor reached the edge of the meadow （牧场）flames of the fire were shooting more than five meters into the air.
Kathy couldn't believe what she was seeing.One glance told her they needed medical attention immediately.She questioned Victor, "Are you able to find someone nearby for help?"
"There are no farmers, nor villagers nearby," he replied.
"I'm a distance runner, and I'll go for help." Looking at the seriously injured men, Kathy said to Victor, "It may take me several hours to get out." She started out.
When she was 23, Kathy set a women's record in a Marathon of 42 kilometers.But now she was running the race of life.She had nearly 30 kilometers of hard wilderness to cover to get help.
Kathy had been running for two hours.This was far back into the wilderness.The country path was growing vague （模糊）.She stopped to take a quick compass （指南针） reading.Yes, she had run almost for more than 20 kilometers.Her heart fell, her muscle aching.And finally she saw her car in the distance.
She jumped into the car and sped away.She reached a holiday house and called the police.
During the wait, she walked around, relaxing her legs and drinking water.It took almost two hours for a police helicopter to reach her at the trail （小路） end.They needed her for one more task.

  1. 1.

    Who actually had the airplane accident?

    1. A.
      Justin himself
    2. B.
      Kathy and Victor
    3. C.
      Justin and Teddy
    4. D.
      Kathy herself
  2. 2.

    The underlined part "Now, she was running the race of life" means that ____.

    1. A.
      Kathy would set up a new record
    2. B.
      Kathy was running for the lives of others
    3. C.
      Kathy would run a race alone
    4. D.
      Kathy couldn't rely on Victor this time
  3. 3.

    Kathy stopped to have a look at her compass because ____.

    1. A.
      the country path was getting vague
    2. B.
      she had completely lost her way
    3. C.
      she wasn't sure of her own memory
    4. D.
      there was only the wilderness
  4. 4.

    What do you think Kathy's final task would be?

    1. A.
      Giving the injured food and drinks.
    2. B.
      Taking the injured to the hospital.
    3. C.
      Going back to put out the big fire.
    4. D.
      Showing the police the crash site.
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