18．If you have a daughter，take the time to read this．It could save her a lot of heartache．Not to mention stomach aches，headaches，missed days of school，lower grades，eating issues and depression．
The sad truth is that every school，whether public or private，has mean girls．I bet you can still even remember who they are from your school．As a school consultant and mother of three daughters，I know firsthand both personally and professionallyhow much it hurts when girls are targeted by bullies（恃强凌弱者）．
The old saying"sticks and stones may break my bones，but words will never hurt me，"couldn't be further from the truth．While boys usually bully through intimidation （胁迫），girls bully through exclusion，also called relational aggression．Here's an example of a case of relational bullying，taken from my experience as a school consultant：
"Heather"was miserable because a girl in her class，"Leslie，"was not only saying mean things to her face，but getting the other girls in the class to exclude her with the age old line"You can't be friends with me，if you're friends with her．"In our sessions，Heather would complain that she didn't have anyone to play with because girls were afraid that if they hung around her they'd become Leslie's next target．
In order to improve the situation，I had to not only reduce the power Leslie had，but empower Heather as well．Here are some ideas that helped，adapted for use by parents：
Ask for specifics when your daughter mentions bullying．Who？Where？How？
Tell the principal and classroom teacher the specifics of how she is being bullied．Have them tell other teachers （i．e．，gym，art，music），hallway monitors and cafeteria staff so that everyone who comes in contact with her can be on the lookout and ready to interfere．
Explain to her that reporting an incident is not the same as tattling（打小报告），and have her tell an adult at school when she is being bullied．
Teach her to convey self-confidence by walking confidently，with her head up．Bullies target those they think are weaker．
Arrange opportunities for your daughter to socialize with her friends outside of school to help her maintain a strong social support system．
In Heather's case，these steps relieved the problem．But because it's tougher to catch girl bullies，it's extremely important for girls to tell an adult if they are being bullied．Unlike boys，who usually bully physically，mean girls often spread rumors，whisper as their target walks by，talk loudly about a party she wasn't invited to，give her the silent treatment，and as discussed above，tell others not to be friends with her．School personnel are there to help，but in order to do anything they must know a problem exists!
The sad truth is that every school，whether public or private，has mean girls．I bet you can still even remember who they are from your school．As a school consultant and mother of three daughters，I know firsthand both personally and professionallyhow much it hurts when girls are targeted by bullies（恃强凌弱者）．
The old saying"sticks and stones may break my bones，but words will never hurt me，"couldn't be further from the truth．While boys usually bully through intimidation （胁迫），girls bully through exclusion，also called relational aggression．Here's an example of a case of relational bullying，taken from my experience as a school consultant：
"Heather"was miserable because a girl in her class，"Leslie，"was not only saying mean things to her face，but getting the other girls in the class to exclude her with the age old line"You can't be friends with me，if you're friends with her．"In our sessions，Heather would complain that she didn't have anyone to play with because girls were afraid that if they hung around her they'd become Leslie's next target．
In order to improve the situation，I had to not only reduce the power Leslie had，but empower Heather as well．Here are some ideas that helped，adapted for use by parents：
Ask for specifics when your daughter mentions bullying．Who？Where？How？
Tell the principal and classroom teacher the specifics of how she is being bullied．Have them tell other teachers （i．e．，gym，art，music），hallway monitors and cafeteria staff so that everyone who comes in contact with her can be on the lookout and ready to interfere．
Explain to her that reporting an incident is not the same as tattling（打小报告），and have her tell an adult at school when she is being bullied．
Teach her to convey self-confidence by walking confidently，with her head up．Bullies target those they think are weaker．
Arrange opportunities for your daughter to socialize with her friends outside of school to help her maintain a strong social support system．
In Heather's case，these steps relieved the problem．But because it's tougher to catch girl bullies，it's extremely important for girls to tell an adult if they are being bullied．Unlike boys，who usually bully physically，mean girls often spread rumors，whisper as their target walks by，talk loudly about a party she wasn't invited to，give her the silent treatment，and as discussed above，tell others not to be friends with her．School personnel are there to help，but in order to do anything they must know a problem exists!
| Bullying from mean girls | |
| Passage outline | Supporting details |
| Different forms of girl bullying | ◇refusing to （71）include someone in groups ◇（72）threateningothers not to befriend someone ◇spreading rumors about someone ◇treating someone with （73）coldness |
| Bad effects of girl bullying | ◇causing the victims to suffer both physically and （74）mentally ◇leading to the （75）declinein the victims'school performance |
| （76）Suggestions/Tips/Adviceon fighting against girl bullying | ◇Get （77）specificinformation about the bullying． ◇Inform the school staff to interfere with bullying． ◇Encourage kids to （78）seekhelp when bullied． ◇Develop confidence in your kids to （79）avoidshowing weakness． ◇Help kids to gain support by （80）socializingwith friends． |
| Conclusion | The problem of girl bullying can be solved by joint effort． |
17．To Apologize or Not to Apologize
Why difficult？
When we do wrong to someone we know，even not （41）B，we are generally expected to apologize so as to improve the situation．But when we're acting as leaders，the circumstances are （42）D．The act of apology is carried out not merely at the level of the （43）A but also at the level of the institution．It is a performance in which every word or expression （44）B，as they become part of the public record．Refusing to apologize can be smart，or it can be stupid．So，readiness to apologize can be seen as a sign of strong character or as a sign of weakness．
Why now？
The question of whether leaders should apologize publicly has never been more （45）A．During the last decade or so，the United States in particular has developed an apology culture-apologies of all kinds and for all sorts of wrongdoings are made far more（46）Cthan before．More newspaper writers have written about the growing importance of （47）Dapologies．Meanwhile，more and more articles，advice columns，and radio and television programs have similarly dealt with the subject of （48）C apologies．Although they are not carried out in the public place，we can't neglect the importance of this performance．
Why （49）A？
Why do we apologize？Why do we ever put ourselves in situations likely to be difficult，embarrassing，and even risky？Leaders who apologize publicly could be an easy target for （50）B．They are expected to appear strong and capable．And whenever they make public statements of any kind，their individual and institutional reputations are in danger．Clearly，then，leaders should not apologize often．For a leader to express apology，there needs to be a strong （51）C．Leaders will publicly apologize if and when they think the costs of doing so are lower than the costs of not doing so．
Why refuse？
Why is it that leaders so often try every means to （52）D apologies，even when a public apology seems to be in order？Their reasons can be individual or institutional．Because leaders are public figures，their apologies are likely to be personally uncomfortable and even （53）B risky．Apologies can be signals for admitting mistakes and mistakes can be indication of job insecurity．Leaders may also be afraid that （54）B of a mistake will damage or destroy the organization for which they are responsible．There can be good reasons for hanging tough （硬撑） in tough situations，as we shall see，but it is a high-risk （55）D．
Why difficult？
When we do wrong to someone we know，even not （41）B，we are generally expected to apologize so as to improve the situation．But when we're acting as leaders，the circumstances are （42）D．The act of apology is carried out not merely at the level of the （43）A but also at the level of the institution．It is a performance in which every word or expression （44）B，as they become part of the public record．Refusing to apologize can be smart，or it can be stupid．So，readiness to apologize can be seen as a sign of strong character or as a sign of weakness．
Why now？
The question of whether leaders should apologize publicly has never been more （45）A．During the last decade or so，the United States in particular has developed an apology culture-apologies of all kinds and for all sorts of wrongdoings are made far more（46）Cthan before．More newspaper writers have written about the growing importance of （47）Dapologies．Meanwhile，more and more articles，advice columns，and radio and television programs have similarly dealt with the subject of （48）C apologies．Although they are not carried out in the public place，we can't neglect the importance of this performance．
Why （49）A？
Why do we apologize？Why do we ever put ourselves in situations likely to be difficult，embarrassing，and even risky？Leaders who apologize publicly could be an easy target for （50）B．They are expected to appear strong and capable．And whenever they make public statements of any kind，their individual and institutional reputations are in danger．Clearly，then，leaders should not apologize often．For a leader to express apology，there needs to be a strong （51）C．Leaders will publicly apologize if and when they think the costs of doing so are lower than the costs of not doing so．
Why refuse？
Why is it that leaders so often try every means to （52）D apologies，even when a public apology seems to be in order？Their reasons can be individual or institutional．Because leaders are public figures，their apologies are likely to be personally uncomfortable and even （53）B risky．Apologies can be signals for admitting mistakes and mistakes can be indication of job insecurity．Leaders may also be afraid that （54）B of a mistake will damage or destroy the organization for which they are responsible．There can be good reasons for hanging tough （硬撑） in tough situations，as we shall see，but it is a high-risk （55）D．
| 41．A．immediately | B．intentionally | C．occasionally | D．accidentally |
| 42．A．simple | B．ridiculous | C．abnormal | D．different |
| 43．A．individual | B．company | C．family | D．society |
| 44．A．conflicts | B．matters | C．appeals | D．deceives |
| 45．A．urgent | B．possible | C．necessary | D．simple |
| 46．A．interestedly | B．patiently | C．frequently | D．hopefully |
| 47．A．faithful | B．trusty | C．immediate | D．public |
| 48．A．sincere | B．acceptable | C．private | D．positive |
| 49．A．bother | B．reduce | C．regret | D．ignore |
| 50．A．promotion | B．criticism | C．appreciation | D．identification |
| 51．A．personality | B．will | C．reason | D．desire |
| 52．A．attempt | B．involve | C．commit | D．avoid |
| 53．A．financially | B．professionally | C．academically | D．physically |
| 54．A．avoidance | B．admission | C．involvement | D．elimination |
| 55．A．fulfillment | B．statement | C．occupation | D．strategy |
16．Section A
Directions：For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A，B，C and D．Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context．
The Paris agreement to fight climate change became international law Friday．The landmark deal aims to deal with global warming among growing （41）B that the world is becoming hotter even faster than scientists expected．
So far，96 countries，accounting for just over two-thirds of the world's greenhouse gas emissions，have formally joined the agreement，which （42）A to limit global warming this century to 2 degrees Celsius （3.6 degrees Fahrenheit） above what it was before machines and （43）D appeared in the late 1700s．The United States （44）A entered into the agreement in September，and more countries are expected to come aboard in the coming weeks and months．
United Nations Secretary General Ban-Ki Moon celebrated the event，talking with nongovernmental groups at U．N．headquarters in New York to hear their concerns and （45）C for the future．
"This is an emotional moment for me．It is a credit to all of you．And it is （46）B for the world，"Ban said in his opening remarks．
He praised the （47）B for getting hundreds of millions of people to back fighting climate change but （48）C the outcome remained uncertain．
"We are still in a race （49）A time．We need to move on to a low-emission and climate-sustainable future，"Ban added．
Scientists praised the speed at which the agreement，signed by 192 parties last December in Paris，has come into force，saying it shows a new commitment by the international community to （50）C a problem that is melting polar ice caps，sending sea levels （51）Band transforming vast areas into desert．
"（52）D the real effect of the agreement after it goes into effect is still uncertain，it is a simple sign that the international society is much more open to alter economic and political behavior to control climate change，which is （53）D positive，"said Feng Qi，executive director of the School of Environmental and Sustainability Sciences at Kean University in New Jersey．
Scientists and （54）B say the agreement is the first step of a much longer and complicated process of reducing the use of fossil fuels，which currently （55）C the majority of the planet's energy needs and also are the primary drivers of global warming．
Directions：For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A，B，C and D．Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context．
The Paris agreement to fight climate change became international law Friday．The landmark deal aims to deal with global warming among growing （41）B that the world is becoming hotter even faster than scientists expected．
So far，96 countries，accounting for just over two-thirds of the world's greenhouse gas emissions，have formally joined the agreement，which （42）A to limit global warming this century to 2 degrees Celsius （3.6 degrees Fahrenheit） above what it was before machines and （43）D appeared in the late 1700s．The United States （44）A entered into the agreement in September，and more countries are expected to come aboard in the coming weeks and months．
United Nations Secretary General Ban-Ki Moon celebrated the event，talking with nongovernmental groups at U．N．headquarters in New York to hear their concerns and （45）C for the future．
"This is an emotional moment for me．It is a credit to all of you．And it is （46）B for the world，"Ban said in his opening remarks．
He praised the （47）B for getting hundreds of millions of people to back fighting climate change but （48）C the outcome remained uncertain．
"We are still in a race （49）A time．We need to move on to a low-emission and climate-sustainable future，"Ban added．
Scientists praised the speed at which the agreement，signed by 192 parties last December in Paris，has come into force，saying it shows a new commitment by the international community to （50）C a problem that is melting polar ice caps，sending sea levels （51）Band transforming vast areas into desert．
"（52）D the real effect of the agreement after it goes into effect is still uncertain，it is a simple sign that the international society is much more open to alter economic and political behavior to control climate change，which is （53）D positive，"said Feng Qi，executive director of the School of Environmental and Sustainability Sciences at Kean University in New Jersey．
Scientists and （54）B say the agreement is the first step of a much longer and complicated process of reducing the use of fossil fuels，which currently （55）C the majority of the planet's energy needs and also are the primary drivers of global warming．
| 41．A．applicants | B．fears | C．observations | D．comments |
| 42．A．seeks | B．allows | C．assumes | D．seizes |
| 43．A．institutions | B．laboratories | C．committees | D．factories |
| 44．A．formally | B．instantly | C．particularly | D．generally |
| 45．A．prejudices | B．approaches | C．visions | D．concepts |
| 46．A．spiritual | B．historic | C．appropriate | D．valueless |
| 47．A．agreements | B．groups | C．headquarters | D．emissions |
| 48．A．apologized | B．denied | C．warned | D．overlooked |
| 49．A．against | B．on | C．for | D．without |
| 50．A．avoid | B．find | C．address | D．ignore |
| 51．A．falling | B．rising | C．disappearing | D．remaining |
| 52．A．Until | B．Since | C．If | D．While |
| 53．A．under no circumstances | B．on the contrary | C．in no case | D．by all means |
| 54．A．officers | B．policymakers | C．employers | D．technicians |
| 55．A．remove | B．preserve | C．supply | D．restore |
15．Sleep，as mysterious as it is vital for our wellbeing，is part of a person's daily physiological activity．Over the decades，researchers have proposed several mechanisms through which sleep helps us（41）C，but we still don't fully（42）Athe big picture．Now，two recently published studies come up with an interesting（43）B：we sleep to forget some of the things we learn during the day．
We store memories in networks in our brains．Whenever we learn something new，we（44）Cnew connections between neurons（神经元），called synapses（突触）．In 2003，two biologists proposed something very（45）D：during the day，we learn so much and develop so many synapses that things（46）Dget ourselves confused．
For starters，they showed that neurons can prune out（修剪）some synapses，at least in the lab．But they（47）Cthe same things happens every day，naturally，in our brains-probably during（48）B．
So they set up a painstaking experiment，in which an assistant scientist collected 6，920synapses from （49）A，both awake and sleeping．Then，they（50）Athe shape and size of all these synapses，learning that the synapses in sleeping mice were 18percent smaller than in awake ones．
After this，they designed a（51）Ctest for mice．They placed the animals in a room where they would get a mild electrical shock if they walked over one particular （52）Cof the floor．They injected（注射）some of them with a substance that had been proved to prevent the pruning of new synapses．The mice that experienced this were（53）Alikely to forget about the section and after a good night's sleep，they（54）Bto walk as usual，while mice that slept normally remembered better．
Then，they found that the pruning didn't strike every neuron．Some 20% were unchanged，likely well-established memories that shouldn't be tampered with（被窜改）．In other words，we sleep to（55）A-but in a smart way．
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We store memories in networks in our brains．Whenever we learn something new，we（44）Cnew connections between neurons（神经元），called synapses（突触）．In 2003，two biologists proposed something very（45）D：during the day，we learn so much and develop so many synapses that things（46）Dget ourselves confused．
For starters，they showed that neurons can prune out（修剪）some synapses，at least in the lab．But they（47）Cthe same things happens every day，naturally，in our brains-probably during（48）B．
So they set up a painstaking experiment，in which an assistant scientist collected 6，920synapses from （49）A，both awake and sleeping．Then，they（50）Athe shape and size of all these synapses，learning that the synapses in sleeping mice were 18percent smaller than in awake ones．
After this，they designed a（51）Ctest for mice．They placed the animals in a room where they would get a mild electrical shock if they walked over one particular （52）Cof the floor．They injected（注射）some of them with a substance that had been proved to prevent the pruning of new synapses．The mice that experienced this were（53）Alikely to forget about the section and after a good night's sleep，they（54）Bto walk as usual，while mice that slept normally remembered better．
Then，they found that the pruning didn't strike every neuron．Some 20% were unchanged，likely well-established memories that shouldn't be tampered with（被窜改）．In other words，we sleep to（55）A-but in a smart way．
| 41．A．release | B．remove | C．refresh | D．relieve |
| 42．A．understand | B．watch | C．enjoy | D．see |
| 43．A．draft | B．explanation | C．definition | D．tendency |
| 44．A．seize | B．perform | C．grow | D．accomplish |
| 45．A．abnormal | B．abundant | C．internal | D．interesting |
| 46．A．never | B．seldom | C．always | D．sometimes |
| 47．A．submitted | B．denied | C．suspected | D．associated |
| 48．A．workday | B．sleep | C．research | D．operation |
| 49．A．mice | B．scientists | C．assistants | D．brains |
| 50．A．determined | B．deposited | C．deduced | D．defined |
| 51．A．appetite | B．motivation | C．memory | D．growth |
| 52．A．synapses | B．room | C．section | D．avenue |
| 53．A．more | B．less | C．as | D．so |
| 54．A．managed | B．tended | C．hurried | D．prayed |
| 55．A．forget | B．remember | C．connect | D．experience |