6．Sleeping for less than six hours a night greatly increases the risk of dying from a heart attack o——青夏教育精英家教网—

6．Sleeping for less than six hours a night greatly increases the risk of dying from a heart attack or stroke（中风），a study has found．It is the stuff of nightmares for those whose busy work schedule or busy family life means getting up early and staying up late．Scientists claim that the modern tendency to delay going to bed in order to get through more of the items on the‘to do'list has serious health consequences．But take care．Those who have too much sleep are also more likely to suffer a heart attack．While the extra sleeping is unlikely to be the cause，long-term illnesses such as heart disease often make sufferers feel tired，so sleeping for longer than nine hours a night may be an early warning sign．
   Researchers found that those who slept for less than six hours were almost 50 per cent more likely to suffer a heart attack and 15 per cent more at risk of strokes．They believe that not having enough sleep disrupts the balance of two key hormones（激素），ghrelin（生长素）and leptin（瘦素），which control the appetite．Poor sleepers tend to eat more and are more likely to be fatter，so are at greater risk of high blood pressure and heart disease，which lead to heart attacks and strokes．Experts recommend adults get at least six or seven hours'shut-eye a night to stay healthy．
   But as many as 60 per cent of us do not think we are sleeping enough，with a third suffering from sleeplessness．The researchers，from the University of Warwick，warned that trying to push too much into one day by going to bed late and getting up early could lead to serious illnesses later in life．They looked at the sleeping habits of almost 475，000 participants from 15 previous studies across eight countries，including the UK，the U．S．，Japan，Sweden and Germany．Their findings，published in the European Heart Journal，show that those who slept for less than six hours were 48 per cent more likely to develop or die from heart disease and 15 per cent more likely to develop or die from a stroke．Not having enough sleep decreases the levels of leptin in our blood，which means we do not feel as satisfied after eating．At the same time，it raises the levels of ghrelin，responsible for triggering（引起） our appetite，thus making us feel hungrier．
   The scientists believe that our‘work hard，play hard'society encourages us to sacrifice sleep and ignore our health．The trend for late nights and early mornings is actually a ticking time bomb for our health so you need to act now to reduce your risk of developing these life-threatening conditions．
50．What's the main idea of the passage？A
A．Lack of sleep raises your risk of stroke or heart disease．
B．It raises the levels of ghrelin，thus making us feel hungrier．
C．Sleeping for longer than nine hours a night may be an early warning sign．
D．The scientists believe that our‘work hard，play hard'society encourages us
to sacrifice sleep and ignore our health．
51．Which word do you think can take the place of"disrupts"in the second paragraph？
C
A．increases   B．destroys    C．affects   D．reduces
52．According to the passage，why don't we feel as satisfied after eating？D
A．Because not having enough sleep disrupts the balance of two key hormones，ghrelin and leptin，which control the appetite．
B．Because not having enough sleep decreases the levels of leptin in our blood．
C．Because not having enough sleep raises the levels of ghrelin，thus making us feel hungrier．
D．All above add up．
53．Which of the sentences is true according to the text？C
A．Researchers found that those who slept for less than six hours were almost 50 per cent more likely to suffer strokes and 15 per cent more at risk of a heart attack．
B．Those who have too much sleep aren't likely to suffer a heart attack．
C．But as many as 60 per cent of us do not think we are sleeping enough，with a third suffering from sleeplessness．
D．Trying to push too much into one day by going to bed early and getting up late could lead to serious illnesses in life
54．What does the writer suggest people should do in the passage？B
A．The writer thinks that we had better follow the trend for late nights and early mornings．
B．The writer advises adults get at least six or seven hours'shut-eye a night to stay healthy．
C．The writer doubts it a good idea to act now to reduce the risk of developing these life-threatening conditions．
D．The writer encourages us to sacrifice sleep and ignore our health．

5．High in the sky，a group of birds fly past．The 5-foot-tall creatures are whooping cranes，the tallest birds in North America noted for its loud call．The wild animals appear to be following much larger birds．But those aren't birds at all．They are three-wheeled aircraft called trikes，and the pilots flying them are wearing white helmets and white gowns．That plan might sound like a stupid idea，but it's not．The pilots are from an organization called Operation Migration．They are helping the whooping cranes learn to migrate，or move from one area to another when the seasons change．The cranes are endangered．In 1941，the species had dwindled（减少）to roughly 20 birds because of hunting and habitat loss．US wildlife officials counted 149 whooping cranes in November 1995，the most since the American government began taking censuses（统计）in the 1930s．Today，about 380 remain．
In the fall，whooping cranes are supposed to migrate south．However，many of them don't know how．"With so few birds left，young whooping cranes typically don't have parents around to teach them，"explains pilot Joe Duff．
That's where the trikes come in．Each October，pilots dress up as whooping cranes and take to the skies in Wisconsin．The young birds follow them because they think the trikes are big whooping cranes．
It takes about three months to reach south-with plenty of rest stops on the way．The pilots lead the cranes to refuges，or protected areas，in Florida．
This spring，the birds will migrate north by themselves-no trikes needed!"It's nice because you know the birds are going to make it，"Duff told WR News．
41．We can learn from the passage that whooping cranesC．
A．are the tallest birds in the world
B．aren't birds at all
C．are increasing in the past 15 years
D．have no team spirit
42．The three-wheeled aircraft serve asA．
A．adult cranes
B．food suppliers
C．temporary habitats
D．hunting tools
43．It can be inferred from the passage thatA．
A．the aircraft make a great difference to the cranes
B．the aircraft don't have an effect on the cranes
C．the cranes get lost frequently
D．the cranes fly to Florida nonstop
44．According to the passage，which of the following is TRUE？D．
A．Whooping cranes are famous for their height．
B．The pilots wear helmets and gowns to attract people's attention．
C．Whooping cranes want to migrate north in the autumn．
D．Whooping cranes will migrate on their own this spring．
45．What's the main idea of the passage？B
A．Baby whooping cranes don't have parents around．
B．Pilots show baby whooping cranes how to migrate．
C．Whooping cranes are becoming endangered．
D．Whooping cranes are a clever species．

4．Gone are the days when men and women couldn't associate（交往）with each other．When we are asked whether boys and girls can associate with each other，most of us will say，"Yes，of course．Why not？"
If we want to deal with the association between boys and girls properly，here are some"dos and don'ts"for you to follow．
1．Keep a normal and healthy state of mind（心态）． Our schools and classes are made up of boys and girls．It is very natural for boys and girls to contact each other and build up the friendship with the students of the other sex．Generally speaking，we should broaden the circle of the association．We should make as many friends as possible．We should have more friends of the other sex instead of one or two．We should contact the students in public instead of in secret．
2．Contact students of the other sex warmly，generously and sincerely．Don't be too nervous or too shy in contact with a person of the other sex．In that case it is very difficult for you to make a lot of friends，as no one likes a person who is too shy to say a word．If you are too shy a person，you can also find a way out．First of all，you can contact the students with the same interest and hobby with you．As both of you have much in common，you may have much to talk about．If you keep doing like that，little by little，you will gladly find you are also as free to express yourself as others．
3．Don't fall into the ditch（泥潭）of early love．The boys and girls at adolescence（青春期）are rich in feeling and full of imagination．They are easy to regard the friendship as a sign of love and fall in love with each other at an early age．In my opinion，boys and girls at middle school are too young and too tender to shoulder the heavy duty of love．Early love is a green apple that can't be eaten．An apple won't taste sweet until it is fully ripe（成熟）．Do keep out of early love．
61．The main idea of the passage is toB．
A．tell students to keep away from early love
B．give some advice on how to associate between boys and girls
C．say contact does good not only to boys but also to girls
D．teach boys how to talk with girls
62．The underlined word"broaden"in the passage means"C．"
A．close down     B．make small     C．make big    D．make known
63．A person at adolescence is NOTB．
A．rich in feelings
B．old enough to fall in love
C．full of imagination
D．easy to regard the friendship as a sign of love．
64．Which of the following is NOT true？D
A．Men and women used not to be allowed to associate with each other．
B．We'd better not make only one or two friends of the other sex．
C．Some students are too nervous or too shy in contact with a person of the other sex．
D．People like a person who always keeps silent．
65．The passage is mostly taken from a/anB．
A．magazine        B．newspaper         C．novel          D．internet．

3．Good afternoon，and welcome to England．We hope that your visit here will be a pleasant one．Today，I would like to draw your attention to a few of our laws．
   The first one is about drinking．Now，you may not buy alcohol in this country if you are under 18 years of age，nor may your friends buy it for you．
   Secondly，noise．Enjoy yourselves by all means，but please don't make unnecessary noise，particularly at night．We ask you to respect other people who may wish to be quiet．
   Thirdly，crossing the road．Be careful．The traffic moves on the left side of the road in this country．Use pedestrian crossings and do not take any changes when crossing the road．
   My next point is about litter．It is an offence to drop litter in the street．When you have something to throw away，please put in your pocket and take it home，or put in a litter bin．
  Finally，as regards smoking，it is against the law to buy cigarettes or tobacco if you are under 16 years of age．
  I'd like to finish by saying that if you require any sort of help or assistance，you should contact your local police station，who will be pleased to help you．Now，are there any questions？
56．The main purpose of this speech would be toD．
A．tell people of the punishment for breaking laws
B．make people know the laws of different kinds．．
C．prepare people for international travel
D．give advice to travelers to the country
57．How many laws are there discussed in the speech？C
A．Three        B．Four    C．Five     D．Six
58．From the speech we learn thatD
A．in this country，if you are under 18 years of age，you may not buy alcohol，but your friend can buy it for you
B．you can't make noise except at night
C．because the traffic moves on the left side of the road，you must use pedestrian crossings when crossing the road
D．you may not buy cigarettes or tobacco unless you are above 16 years of age
59．Which of the followings isn't bad manners（不良举止） in EnglandB？
A．moving on the left side of the street
B．taking changes when crossing the road
C．making unnecessary noise at night
D．dropping litter in the street
60．Who do you think probably makes the speech？A
A．A parent          B．A teacher          C．A policeman       D．A friend．

2．A blue hole is a flooded sea cave with a hole that opens up at the land's surface．These cave systems form in carbonate rock，often on islands．Some blue holes have very special rock formations and water chemistry．Far below sea level，they contain some of the harshest environments on Earth，with no oxygen and no light．Yet these areas are filled with life forms that have adapted to the extreme conditions．
Information gathered from these blue holes is helping scientists to increase their understanding of biology，archaeology and geology．But exploring these blue hole environments brings danger as well as discovery．
Blue holes get their name from the color some have when seen from the air．The color is usually a reflection of the sky on the water．But not all of these cave systems have blue surfaces．Some contain dark or muddy water．
Blue holes are the result of erosion in which water breaks down rock．Rain falling thousands of years ago contained chemicals which slowly wore away at the limestone landmass．These holes were later filled with sea water as the sea level changed．The rising and falling of sea levels and the mixture of salt and fresh water further wore away at these cave formations．Blue holes are vertical caves．But they can also have horizontal cave formations that may be hundreds of meters long．
These flooded cave systems can be found in the ocean，or they can be found inland．Ocean caves are affected by tides，so they always have water movement．But blue holes on land are very still．They have several layers of water，chemicals，and bacteria．The top layer of fresh water comes from rainfall．This layer acts like a cap on top of the layered mixture，and keeps out oxygen from the atmosphere．The fresh water floats on a denser layer of saltwater．Underneath this is a layer of poisonous hydrogen sulfide，produced by bacteria living in the water．Underneath this layer is anoxic seawater--water that does not contain any oxygen．
Underwater caves are probably one of the least explored ecosystems on the planet．One reason blue holes have not been fully explored is that they can be extremely dangerous．There are many safety rules that divers must follow to help ensure their survival．
First，divers must have training and experience to swim in these caves．Those who explore a cave for the first time must establish a thin rope called a guideline．This line helps them to safely enter and bring more than one set of breathing equipment in case one device fails．Meanwhile，they must pay careful attention to their air supply．The rule is to use a third of their air to enter the cave，a third to exit，and a third for emergencies．
    For most explorers，though，the possibility of discovery in these cave environments makes the experience worth the risk．You can jump into what looks like an insignificant little hole in the ground，and come out with information that's of value to many different disciplines，Scientists are interested in these caves because oxygen-free conditions there are similar to those on Earth long ago，before oxygen existed on our planet．，as well as similar to space．
50．According to the Passage，blue holesB．
A．are now a popular choice for tourists
B．are flooded caves found mostly on islands
C．have appeared as rocks pile up year by year
D．can give off bright blue light deep in the caves
51．It can be inferred front the passage thatD．
A．quantities of advanced life forms exist in blue boles
B．blue holes are not fully explored due to their low value
C．blue holes are vertical caves because of strong currents
D．the chemicals in the rain lead to the formation of blue caves
52．The fifth paragraph mainly talks aboutA．
A．two different types of blue holes
B．how a blue hole comes into being
C．why scientists are interested in blue holes
D．rules for divers exploring blue holes
53．When exploring blue holes，divers mustD．
A．have a thin rope as a guideline anytime
B．wear glasses in case of bright blue light
C．swim as quickly as possible to save time
D．learn to make good use of their air supply
54．The exploration of blue holes can help usB．
A．discover moue energy resources
B．understand the origin of life on Farth
C．learn about the movements of seawater
D．get ready for the exploration of the ocean．

1．Do you love running？It is a good exercise，yet many people find it boring．But what if making your morning jog a creative one？Like jumping from walls and over gaps，and ground rolls？Just like the James Bond in the movie Casino Royale？Bond jumps down from a roof to a windowsill and then runs several blocks over obstacles on the way．It is just because of Bond's wonderful performances that the sport has become popular worldwide．
　　Yes，that's parkour，an extreme street sport aimed at moving from one point to another as quickly as possible，getting over all the obstacles in the path using only the abilities of the human body．Parkour is considered an extreme sport．As its participants dash around a city，they may jump over fences，run up walls and even move from rooftop to rooftop．
Parkour can be just as exciting and charming as it sounds，but its participants see parkour much more than that．
Overcoming all the obstacles on the course and in life is part of the philosophy（哲理） behind parkour． This is the same as life． You must determine your destination，go straight，and jump over all the barriers as if in parkour and never fall back from them in your life，to reach the destination successfully． A parkour lover said，"I love parkour because its philosophy has become my life，my way to do everything．"
Another philosophy we've learnt from parkour is freedom． It can be done by anyone，at any time，anywhere in the world． It is a kind of expression of trust in yourself that you earn energy and confidence．
41．Which of the following is TRUE of parkour？A
A．It challenges human abilities．
B．It is a good but boring sport．
C．It needs special training．
D．It is a team sport．
42．．As its participants move around a city，C．
A．they can ask for help
B．they may choose to escape
C．they should run to extremes
D．they must learn to survive
43．．Which of the following is the philosophy of parkour？D
A．Sports and extremes．
B．Excitement and popularity．
C．Dreams and success．
D．Determination and freedom．
44．What is the passage mainly about？B
A．What parkour is and where can do it．
B．What parkour is and what it can bring us．
C．Why we do parkour and what we get from it．
D．When we can do parkour and how we do it well．

20．Knowing the best way to study will help you to be a better student．By using your time properly，you can do your homework more quickly．Learning to study is not difficult．
The first thing to remember is that you must be willing to learn．It doesn't mean that you must always like the subject．It does mean，however，that you must be wil1ing to do whatever is necessary to learn．Try to understand why it is important and how it will help you now and later to do and learn other things．Knowing mathematics facts will be useful in your whole life．Knowing how to spell makes any kind of writing easier．Sometimes subject that you think is going to be uninteresting will be exciting when you begin to work at it and understand it more clearly．Learning things can be fun if you are willing to work with them．
Here's some advice for you：have a certain time each day and a quiet place with good lighting for study，so that you can concentrate on your study without interruptions（中断）； have everything ready before you sit down to study，a dictionary，paper，a pen and books； be sure you understand what you should learn before you start； read carefully and pay special attention to the most important things； when memorizing，first find out the main parts and then recite the whole thing； check your homework after you finish it； never forget the importance of review and preview．
62．The main object of the article isD
A．to prove that learning is not difficult
B．to make the readers be interested in study
C．to tell the importance of self teaching
D．to tell the students how to study well
63．The first thing to remember in studying is thatC
A．you must like the subject
B．you must follow the teacher
C．you must enjoy learning
D．you must study hard
64．We learn things becauseC
A．our parents want us to learn
B．every student learns at school
C．we may use these things in the future
D．we like the subjects
65．Which of the following is NOT the advice given in the article？B
A．To put a pen，paper and books beside you before study．
B．To study at any possible time and place．
C．To review and preview．
D．To pay attention to the most important things．

19．Body and Food
Your body，which has close relations with the food you eat，is the most important thing you own，so it needs proper treatment and proper nourishment （营养）．The old saying"An apple a day keeps the doctor away"is not as silly as some people think．The body needs fruit and vegetables because they contain vitamin C．Many people take extra vitamins in pill form，believing that these will make them healthy．
But a good diet is made up of nourishing food and this gives all the vitamins you need．The body doesn't need or use extra vitamins，so why waste money on them？
In the modern western world，many people are too busy to bother about eating properly．They throw anything into their stomachs，eating hurriedly and carelessly．The list of illnesses caused or made worse by bad eating habits is frightening，
56．"Your body has close relations with the food you eat．"It really means thatC．
A．all kinds of food you eat can be made into your body
B．your body is made up of the food you eat
C．what you eat has great effect on your health
D．the more you eat，the fitter you will feel
57．The old saying referred to in the passage tells us thatA．
A．eating apples regularly does lots of good to our health
B．the apple is the best among all kinds of fruits
C．apples can take the place of doctors
D．an apple is a sure cure for illness
58．In the second paragraph，the writer tries to let us knowD．
A．our bodies need food or we can't live
B．often eating apples is a good habit
C．taking extra vitamin pills is completely useless
D．a good diet is of great importance for our health
59．In the modern western countriesB．
A．people don't want to pay more attention to their eating
B．lots of people's illnesses are caused or made worse by bad eating habits
C．people throw everything into their stomachs without chewing
D．people are only too busy to cook meals for themselves
60．From the passage we can draw a conclusion that if we want to keep healthy，we shouldB．
A．only eat an apple a day
B．eat properly
C．take as many vitamin pills as possible
D．throw something into our stomachs slowly and carefully．

18．Do you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too？Or how hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself？Well，apparently it's because we have mirror neurons （神经元）in our brains．
       Put simply，the existence of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something，our brains imitate （模仿）it，whether or not we actually perform the same action．This explains a great deal about how we learn to smile，talk，walk，dance or play sports．But the idea goes further：mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions，they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people．
       Mirror neurons can undoubtedly be found all over our brains，but especially in the areas which relate to our ability to use languages，and to understand how other people feel．Researchers have found that mirror neurons relate strongly to language．A group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences to listen to （for example："The hand took hold of the ball"），the same mirror neurons were triggeredas when the action was actually performed （in this example，actually taking hold of a ball）．
       Any problems with mirror neurons may well result in problems with behavior．Much research suggests that people with social and behavioral problems have mirror neurons which are not fully functioning．However，it is not yet known exactly how these discoveries might help find treatments for social disorders．
       Research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with even more information concerning how humans behave and interact （互动）．Indeed，it may turn out to be the equivalent （相等物）for neuroscience of what Einstein's theory of relativity was for physics．And the next time you feel the urge to cough in the cinema when someone else does-well，perhaps you'll understand why．
72．Mirror neurons can explainC．
A．why we cry when we are hurt
B．why we cough when we suffer from a cold
C．why we smile when we see someone else smile
D．why we yawn when we see someone else stay up late
73．The underlined word"triggered"in the third paragraph probably means"A"．
A．set off         B．cut off          C．built up             D．broken up
74．We can learn from the passage that mirror neuronsA．
A．relate to human behavior and interaction
B．control human physical actions and feelings
C．result in bad behavior and social disorders
D．determine our knowledge and language abilities
75．What is the passage mainly about？D
A．Ways to find mirror neurons．
B．Problems of mirror neurons．
C．Existence of mirror neurons．
D．Functions of mirror neurons．

17．In normal conditions，bread will go mouldy（霉）in around 10 days．But an American company says it has developed a technique that will keep the bread mould free for two months．
At the laboratory or Texas Tech University，chief executive Don Stull showed off the long，metallic microwave device．Originally designed to kill some bacteria，the researchers discovered it could kill the mould spores（霉孢）in bread in 10 seconds．"We treated a slice of bread in the device，we then checked the mould in the bread over time，"he explained．"And at 60 days it had the same mould content as it had when it came out．"
The machine uses much the same technology as found in commercial microwaves-but with some important differences，according to Mr．Stull．"We introduce the microwave frequencies in different ways，through a radiator．We don't get the hot and cold spots you get in your home microwave．"
The device has attracted plenty of bread manufacturers-but it is worried that it could push up costs in an industry．And there is also a concern that consumers might not take to bread that lasts for so long．
Mr．Stull acknowledges it might be difficult to convince some people of the benefits．"We'll have to get some consumer acceptance of that，"he said．"Most people do it by feel，and if you still have that quality feel，they will probably accept it．"
Mr．Stull believes that the technology could affect bread in other ways．He said that bread manufacturers added lots of additives（添加剂）to fight mould．As a result，they must add extra chemicals to mask the taste of them．If bakers were able to use the microwave technology，they would be able to avoid these additives．While a wholesale change in the bread industry might be difficult to achieve，there may be more potential with other foods．
71．The microwave device was originally designed toB．
A．make bread tasty
B．kill some bacteria
C．kill the mould spores
D．check mould in bread
72．What do the metallic device and commercial microwaves have in common？C
A．they both can kill mould spores
B．They both function through a radiator．
C．They both use microwave technology
D．They both can be used as a bread bakery．
73．According to Mr．Stull，the microwave technologyC．
A．may push up costs in the bread industry
B．will keep the bread more tasty after 60 days
C．can help bakers to avoid adding additives
D．might probably bring no benefits to consumers
74．What does the underlined word"them"refer to？B
A．Chemicals．B．Additives．C．Manufacturers．D．Foods．
75．It can be inferred from the text thatD．
A．bread made with the technology will have different taste
B．bread industry will pay no attention to the technology
C．the technology is as harmful as the additives
D．the technology is likely to be used more widely．

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