2．Are we getting more stupid?According to Gerald Crabtree.a scientist at Stanford University in the ——青夏教育精英家教网—

2．Are we getting more stupid？According to Gerald Crabtree，a scientist at Stanford University in the US，we are．
You may not want to hear this，but Crabtree believes that human intelligence reached its peak more than 2，000 years ago and ever since then has been going downhill．"If an average Greek from 1，000 BC were transported to modern times，he or she would be one of the brightest among us，"Crabtree told The Guardian．
At the heart of Crabtree's thinking is a simple idea．In the past，intelligence was critical for survival when our ancestors had to avoid dangerous animals and hunt for food．The difference of being smart or stupid is often life or death．However，after the spread of agriculture，when our ancestors began to live in dense farming communities，the need to keep their intelligence in peak condition gradually reduced．
This is not hard to understand．Most of the time，pressure is what keeps us going-you need the pressure from your teachers to finish your homework； the pressure of looking pretty prompts（促使） you to lose weight when summer comes．And the same is also true of our intelligence-if we think less，we become less smart．
These mutations（变异） are harmful to our intelligence and they were all developed in the past 3，000 years．The other evidence that Crabtree holds is in our genes．He found that among the 2，000 to 5，000 genes that we have that determine human intelligence，there are two or more mutations in each of us．
However，Crabtree's theory has been criticized by some who say that early humans may have better hunting and surviving abilities，but people today have developed a more diverse intelligence．For example，spearing a tiger doesn't necessarily require more brainpower than playing chess or writing a poem．Moreover，the power of modern education means a lot more people have the opportunity to learn nowadays．
"You wouldn't get Stephen Hawking 2，000 years ago．He just wouldn't exist，"Thomas Hills of the University of Warwick，UK，told Live Science．"But now we have people of his intellectual capacity doing things and making insights（洞察力） that we would never have achieved in our environment of evolutionary adaptation．"
61．What is Crabtree's recent finding according to the article？D
A．The Greeks from 1，000 BC could have been the smartest in human history．
B．Our ancient ancestors had no better surviving abilities than we do nowadays．
C．Humans have been getting steadily more intelligent since the invention of farming．
D．Mutations in genes that decide human intelligence have affected the development of intelligence．
62．According to Crabtree，ancient humansB
A．had much more genes that determine human intelligence
B．were forced to be smart due to natural selection pressures
C．relied more on group intelligence than individual intelligence
D．developed a diverse intelligence to adapt to the hard realities
63．Some argue that Crabtree's theory is false because they thinkD．
A．people today are under much more pressure than early humans
B．it's ridiculous to compare a hunter's and a poet's intelligence
C．modern education is far more advanced than ancient education
D．human intelligence nowadays is different from that of the distant past
64．What is Thomas Hills'attitude toward Crabtree's theory？B
A．Supportive B．Unfavorable C．Worried D．Confused．

1．Cheating can happen in a lot of different ways．When people cheat，it's not fair to other people，like the kids who studied for the test or who the true winners of a game were．
Many people like the action of cheating．It makes difficult things seem easy．Like getting all the right answers on the test．But it doesn't solve the problem of not knowing the material and it won't help on the next test---unless the person cheats again．
Some people lose respect for cheaters and think less of them．The cheaters themselves may feel bad because they know they are not really earning that good grade．And，if they get caught cheating，they will be in trouble at school，and may be at home，too．
Some kids cheat because they are busy or lazy and they want to get good grades without spending the time studying．Other kids might feel like they can't pass the test without cheating，even when there seems to be a"good reason"for cheating．
If you were sick or upset about something the night before and couldn't study，it would be better to talk with the teacher about this．And if you don't have enough time to study for a test because of swim practice，you need to talk with your parents about how to balance swimming and school．
A kid who thinks cheating is the only way to pass a test needs to talk with the teacher and his or her parents so they can find some solutions together．Talking about these problems and working them out will feel better than cheating．

31．The author thinks that when kids cheat in classA．
A．it is unfair to other people
B．it does harm to their health
C．teachers should punish them
D．teachers should not stop them
32．Some students like cheating mainly becauseC．
A．the material in the test is very difficult
B．they want to do better than the others
C．cheating can make hard things seem very easy
D．they have little time to study their lessons
33．The fourth paragraph mainly tells usB．
A．cheating isn't a good idea
B．why kids cheat in the test
C．some kids can't pass the test without cheating
D．some kids don't spent the time studying
34．We can learn from the passageB．
A．cheaters are often thought highly of
B．people show no respect for those who cheat
C．parents whose kids cheat are often in trouble
D．kids cheat in the test because of swim practice
35．In the passage those cheaters are advised toB．
A．spend more time on school than on sports
B．find good solutions instead of cheating
C．try hard to be intelligent rather than lazy
D．ask their classmates for good methods of study．

20．Little Tommy was doing very badly in math．His parents had tried everything-tutors，cards，special learning centers-in short，everything they could think of．Finally they took Tommy to a catholic（天主教的） school．
After the first day，little Tommy came home with a very serious look on his face．He didn't kiss his mother hello．Instead，he went straight to his room and started studying．Books and papers were spread out all over the room and little Tommy was hard at work．His mother was surprised．She called him down to dinner and as soon as he finished eating，he went back to his room，without a word．In no time he was back hitting the booksas hard as before．This went on for some time，day after day while the mother tried to understand what was happening．
Finally，little Tommy brought home his report card．He quietly put it on the table and went up to his room and hit the books．His mom looked at it and to her surprise，little Tommy got an A in math．She could no longer hold her curiosity．She went to his room and asked，"Son，what was it？Was it the nuns（修女）？"
Little Tommy looked at her and shook his head，"No．"
"Well then，"she asked again．"WHAT was it？"
Little Tommy looked at her and said，"Well，on the first day of school，when I saw that man nailed to the plus sign（加号），I knew they weren't joking．"

72．Tommy's mother felt surprised that his sonD．
A．was still the same as usual
B．ate so much at dinner
C．kissed her hello after school
D．worked hard but said little
73．The underlined phrase"hitting the books"（in Paragraph 2）probably means"A"．
A．putting his heart into study    B．taking interest in papers
C．finding fault with maths        D．beating his books angrily
74．The last sentence in the passage shows thatB．
A．Tommy felt sorry for the man     B．Tommy was afraid of being nailed
C．Tommy didn't like the plus sign D．Tommy liked playing jokes on others
75．From the passage，we can infer thatB．
A．teachers should be strict with their students
B．mistakes might do good sometimes
C．a catholic school is much better than other ones
D．nuns are good at helping children with their math．

19．As we know，it is common for people to catch a cold in winter and most people believe they know the reason for colds．However，scientists say people have some wrong beliefs about the cause of colds．
Many people think that once you get infected by colds，you will not be easy to be attacked by colds for the rest of your life．That's not the case．There are about 200different viruses that cause the common cold．You catch a cold because of one kind of them this time，but you might catch a cold next time because of another．
Others believe that people get sick just because of the cold weather in winter．That is also wrong．
It's because people tend to stay closer in winter and the cold virus is  transmitted from one person to another through handshakes，sneezing，or coughing．
While there is no actual cure for the common cold，scientists say there are still a few things you can do to help you．Some experts say honey and chicken soup are effective against colds．Especially honey．There is increasing evidence that it helps shorten the duration of the common cold sometimes even by two to three days particularly in children．Chicken soup also helps reduce the duration of the cold．
In addition，if you do have a cold and you don't feel like eating anything，it's not going to hurt you but you have to drink a lot and you can drink water or tea because doctors say the water cycle in your bodies helps to cure colds．That's very important．Though there is more than one way to deal with colds，doctors say the best advice is to continue using whatever works best for you．

68．We know from the second paragraph thatC．
A．the common cold is caused by only one virus
B．there are people who never catch a cold
C．colds can be caused by different viruses
D．all people are easily attacked by colds
69．The underlined word"transmitted"in the fourth paragraph means"A"．
A．passed     B．changed    C．cured     D．caused
70．If you have a cold，you can do the following exceptD．
A．drinking a lot of water     B．drinking chicken soup
C．eating honey                D．forcing yourself to eat
71．It can be inferred from the passage thatB．
A．now scientists have found out practical treatment for colds
B．different people may have different ways to fight against colds
C．working in freezing weather is the main reason for colds
D．colds can be passed from animals to human beings．

18．________ children whose parents had died in the earthquake________ sent to live with families in other cities．（　　）

	A．	A great number of； was		B．	The great number of； was
	C．	A great number of； were		D．	The great number of； were

17．Tomatoes are necessary in every kitchen，but hardly will you hear their cosmetic function．Not only do tomatoes taste great，but they also keep the skin healthy．It is good to consume tomatoes as they have lycopene （茄红素），which is an antioxidant（抗氧化剂）and hence works as a sunscreen from within．These antioxidants make the tomato an anti-aging product as they help fight the damage and reddening of the skin．It is recommended to have at least 16milligrams of lycopene per day．For people who are used to sitting in air-conditioned places，tomato helps moisturize their skin．In a word，whether you want to cure large pores（毛孔） and sun-burns or reduce acne（痤疮），tomatoes are beneficial．
Cure big pores
Big pores provide easy access to dirt，thus increasing the chances of infecting the pore．Take a tablespoon of fresh tomato juice，and mix it with two to four drops of fresh lime juice．Use a cotton ball to put this mixture on your face for about 15minutes and then wash it off with cool water．Regular application will reduce pores greatly．
Reduce acne
Tomatoes can help reduce and clear up your acne．Vitamin A and vitamin C are commonly found in a lot of acne medicines．Tomatoes are rich in vitamin A，vitamin C and vitamin K．If you have mild acne，cut a tomato in half and leave it on your face for an hour，which will moisturize your face．Do this as many times as you can，and your acne will dry off soon．
Cool the skin
A lot of people's skin gets sun-burnt in summer because of staying in the sun for a long time．Crush（压碎） half a tomato and mix it with two table-spoons of plain yogurt．Apply this mixture on face，neck，hands and feet for 20minutes，and then wash it．Tomato cools the skin，while yogurt can make it soft and supple．
60．From the first paragraph，we can learnB．
A．without tomatoes，our skin cannot stay healthy
B．tomatoes are products fighting against aging
C．an antioxidant serves as a sunscreen
D．only by eating tomatoes every day can we keep healthy
61．The purpose of this passage is toC．
A．recommend that we should have 16milligrams of lycopene
B．tell people how important it is to keep our skin healthy
C．remind people of the importance of tomatoes
D．analyze why tomatoes taste so great
62．What is right about cooling the skin if the skin gets sun-burnt？A
A．A mixture of tomato and yogurt is needed．
B．Tomato is likely to make sure of your soft skin．
C．Yogurt is used to make sure your skin is cool．
D．You should keep the mixture on your skin for a long time．

16．As any homemaker who has tried to keep order at the dinner table knows，there is far more to a family meal than food．Sociologist Michael Lewis has been studying 50families to find out just how much more．
Lewis and his co-workers carried out their study by videotaping （录像） the families while they ate ordinary meals in their own homes．They found that parents with small families talk actively with each other and their children．But as the number of children gets larger，conversation gives way to the parents'efforts to control the loud noise they make．That can have an important effect on the children．"In general the more question-asking the parents do，the higher the children's IQ scores，"Lewis says．"And the more children there are，the less question-asking there is．"
The study also provides an explanation for why middle children often seem to have a harder time in life than their siblings （兄弟姐妹）．Lewis found that in families with three or four children，dinner conversation is likely to center on the oldest child，who has the most to talk about，and the youngest，who needs the most attention．"Middle children are invisible，"says Lewis．"When you see someone get up from the table and walk around during dinner，chances are it's the middle child．"There is，however，one thing that stops all conversation and prevents anyone from having attention："When the TV is on，"Lewis says，"dinner is a non-event．"
67．The writer's purpose in writing the text is toA．
A．report on the findings of a study
B．give information about family problems
C．teach parents ways to keep order at the dinner table
D．show the relationship between parents and children
68．Parents with large families ask fewer questions at dinner becauseB．
A．they are busy serving food to their children
B．they are busy keeping order at the dinner table
C．they have to pay more attention to younger children
D．they are tired out having prepared food for the whole family
69．By saying"Middle children are invisible"in paragraph 3，Lewis means that middle childrenA．
A．get the least attention from the family
B．have to help their parents to serve dinner
C．are often kept away from the dinner table
D．find it hard to keep up with other children
70．Which of the following statements would the writer agree to？D
A．It is important to have the right food for children．
B．It is a good idea to have the TV on during dinner．
C．Elder children should help the younger ones at dinner．
D．Parents should talk to each of their children frequently．

15．You either have it，or you don't-a sense of direction．But why is it that some people could find their way across the Sahara without a map，while others can lose themselves in the next street？
Scientists say we're all born with a sense of direction，but it is not properly understood how it works．One theory is that people with a good sense of direction have simply worked harder at developing it．Research being carried out at Liverpool University supports this idea and suggests that if we don't use it，we lose it．
"Children as young as seven have the ability to find their way around，"says Jim Martland，Research Director of the project．"However，if they are not allowed out alone or are taken everywhere by car，they never develop the skills．"
Jim Martland also emphasizes that young people should be taught certain skills to improve their sense of direction．He makes the following suggestions：
If you are using a map，turn it so it relates to the way you are facing．
If you leave your bike in a strange place，put it near something like a big stone or a tree．Note landmarks on the route as you go away from your bike．When you return，go back along the same route．
Simplify the way of finding your direction by using lines such as streets in a town，streams，or walls in the countryside to guide you．Count your steps so that you know how far you have gone and note any landmarks such as tower blocks or hills which can help to find out where you are．
Now you need never get lost again!
63．Scientists believe thatB．
A．people never lose their sense of direction
B．everybody has a sense of direction from birth
C．some babies are born with a sense of direction
D．people learn a sense of direction as they grow older
64．What is true of seven-year-old children according to the passage？B
A．They never have a sense of direction without maps．
B．They have a sense of direction and can find their way around．
C．They should never be allowed out alone if they lack a sense of direction．
D．They can develop a good sense of direction if they are driven around in a car．
65．What should you do if you leave your bike in a strange place？C
A．Tie it to a tree so as to prevent it from being stolen．
B．Draw a map of the route to help remember where it is．
C．Remember something easily recognizable on the route．
D．Avoid taking the same route when you come back to it．
66．According to the passage，the best way to find your way around is toC．
A．ask policemen for directions
B．count the number of landmarks that you see
C．use walls，streams，and streets to guide yourself
D．remember your route by looking out for steps and stairs．

14．Laptop computers are popular all over the world．People use them on trains and airplanes，in airports and hotels．These laptops connect people to their workplace．In the United States today，laptops also connect students to their classrooms．
Westlake College in Virginia will start a laptop computer program that allows students to do schoolwork anywhere they want．Within five years，each of the 1500students at the college will receive a laptop．The laptops are part of a＄10million computer program at Westlake，a 110-year-old college．The students with laptops will also have access to the Internet．In addition，they will be able to use e-mail to speakwith their teachers，their classmates，and their families．However，the most important part of the laptop program is that students will be able to use computers without going to computer labs．They can work with it at home，in a fast-food restaurant or under the trees-anywhere at all!
Because of the many changes in computer technology，laptop use in higher education，such as colleges and universities，is workable．As laptops become more powerful，they become more similar to desktop computers．In addition，the portable computers can connect students to not only the Internet，but also libraries and other resources．State higher-education officials are studying？how laptops can help students．State officials are also testing laptop programs at other universities，too．
At Westlake College，more than 60percent of the staff use computers．The laptops will allow all teachers to use computers in their lessons．As one Westlake teacher said，"Here we are in the middle of Virginia and we're giving students a window on the world．They can see everything and do everything．"

46．The main purpose of the laptop program is to give each student a laptop toB．
A．access the Internet
B．use for their schoolwork
C．work at home
D．connect them to libraries
47．What does the underlined sentence in the second paragraph mean？C
A．Laptops have speakers．
B．They use the computer language．
C．They can communicate with their teachers classmates，and their families with a laptop
D．None of the above reasons is correct．
48．Which of the following is true about Westlake College？D
A．All teachers use computers
B.1500students have laptops．
C．Students there can do everything
D．It is an old college in America．
49．What can we infer from the passage？A
A．We don't know the result yet
B．The program is not workable．
C．The program is too expensive
D．The program is successful．

13．Tips for avoiding traffic jams
The radio has more than just music．Check the local news station for the latest traffic report．Or go online and check traffic cameras before you set out．If there is a jam，you'll be prepared and can try another route．
Take the road less traveled．Although highways may be the most direct route，back roads can be much less crowded，which can save you from the frustration of the stop-and-go traffic．
Rush hour isn't just a lovely nickname．It means the morning and afternoon traffic lasts for several hours，but they are still called"rush hour"for a reason-everyone's on the road and in a hurry to get somewhere．Treat rush hour like bad weather-if you don't have to go anywhere，stay off the roads．
Tips for those unavoidable traffic jams
Don't break the law．You've gone 30feet in 30minutes and all of a sudden you see people using the shoulders（紧急停车道）．Don't behave like them．Not only is this illegal，but also there's a good chance they'll get caught or cause even more problems．
Pay extra attention to zig-zaggers when some people are anxious，they may start changing lanes every 5seconds or cut you off．Keep checking your windows and mirrors for these lane changers．
Look for an escape．If it is possible to exit the road safely，do it．Use a GPS unit，and you can change your route mid-trip if needed．
Be courteous．Good manners could help you avoid a possible accident．Allow people in from a lane that is ending．Speeding up to keep them out increases your chances of an accident．
60．To avoid traffic jams，we are advised to do the following EXCEPTD．
A．get traffic news before leaving
B．choose back roads
C．avoid rush hours
D．change lanes frequently
61．What should we do when there are zig-zaggars？A
A．Keep checking the mirrors
B．Stop and let them go first．
C．Sound the horn loudly
D．Drive quickly to keep them out．
62．When there is a traffic jam，we shouldC．
A．get off the car and walk round
B．use the shoulders as lanes
C．change the route if possible
D．drive back immediately
63．What do the underlined word"courteous"in the last paragraph mean？B
A．energetic
B．polite
C．careful
D．honest．

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