Question

       The need for a surgical（外科的）operation, especially an emergency operation, almost always comes as a horrible shock to the patient and his family .Despite modern advances, most people still have an irrational fear of hospitals and surgeries.

                           

       In the early years of last century there was little specialization in surgery. A good surgeon was skillful to perform almost every operation that had been devised up（invented）to that time. Today the situation is different. Operations are now being carried out that were not even dreamed of fifty years ago. The heart can be safely opened and its parts repaired .Clogged blood vessels（血管）can be cleaned out ,and broken ones mended or replaced .A lung, the whole stomach ,or even part of the brain can be removed and still permit the patient to live a comfortable and satisfactory life.

       The range of surgery has increased remarkably in 20th century .Its safety has increased too. Deaths from most operations are about 20% of what they were in 1910and surgery has come in many directions for example to certain types of birth defects in newborn babies ,and , at the other end of the scale ,to life-saving operations for the eighty-ninety years olds. The hospital-stay after surgery has been shortened to as little as a week for most major operations.

       Many developments in modern surgery are simply wonders .They include the replacement of damaged blood vessels and heart parts with ones made of plastic; the transplanting of tissues such as the lens of the eye.

       One of the recent and the most revolutionary areas of modern surgery is that of organ（器官）transplants. Until a few years ago ,no person ,except an identical twin ,was able to accept into his body the tissues of another person without reacting against them and eventually causing death .Recently ,however ,it has been discovered that with the use of x-rays and special drugs ,it is possible to transplant tissues from one person to another which will survive for periods of a year or more .Kidneys（肾）have been successfully transplanted between non-identical twins. Heart and lung transplants have been reasonably successful in animals, though anti-body problems in humans have yet to be solved.

       “Spare parts” surgery, the simple replacement of all worn-out organs by new ones, is still a dream of the future under people’s earnest expectations. Surgery is not yet ready for such wonders now .In the meantime, you can be happy if your doctor says to you. “Yes, I think it is possible to operate on you for this condition.”

1．How does surgery develop in time order according to the passage?

       a. People are aiming at the replacement of all worn-out organs.

       b. Organ transplanting between identical twins.

       c. A good surgeon is able to perform all the operations in his time.

       d. Human’s hearts can be opened and their parts repaired.

       e. Anti-body problems in surgery can be partly solved.

       A．d-a-b-e-c             B．d-b-e-a-c             C．c-d-b-e-a             D．e-b-a-d-e

2．What is the meaning of the underlined word “clogged”?

       A．Broken.               B．Blocked.              C．Removed.            D．Repaired.

3．What’s the main difficulty in organ transplanting?

       A．People’s irrational fear for hospitals and surgeries.

       B．One body’s resistance to organs from another body.

       C．Kidney transplanting between non-identical twins.

       D．The worn-out organs and the tissues of the eye.

4．We can infer from the passage that           in the future?

       A．a surgical specialist will be able to do every operation

       B．it’ll become a simple surgery for twins to exchange organs

       C．the replacement of all worn-out organs might be realized

       D．human’s brain will be removed and replaced by plastics

Answer 1

CBBC