Studies of the effect that makes many of us slumber or feel sleepy during the Queen’s Speech on Christmas Day have revealed that changes may be required in Britain’s drink drive legislation. Dr Jame 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

题目内容

Studies of the effect that makes many of us slumber or feel sleepy during the Queen’s Speech on Christmas Day have revealed that changes may be required in Britain’s drink drive legislation.

Dr James Horne, director of the Sleep Research Laboratory at Southborough University, is investigating post-lunch sleepiness. “We humans are designed to sleep twice a day, once at night and a short nap after lunch, but in this part of the world we tend to repress that.”

It is a remnant of the same primeval programming that makes all animals in the bush rest in the hot afternoon sun to conserve energy.

"Hot environments make it worse and many cultures living near the equator", says Dr Horne, “have conceded (=given in) to the inevitable, where the afternoon siesta is the way of life."

In this study Dr Horne has been investigating the role of alcohol. “The theory is that if you are more sleepy after lunch then it figures that alcohol will be more potent after lunch. One would figure then that a pint of beer at lunchtime has more effect than in the evening, when people are more alert. Indeed, we find that it has about twice the effect."

This has more sinister (险恶的) implications. “If people take alcohol up to the legal driving limit, their performance is seriously impaired after lunch." He said.

It seems that alcohol interacts with the circadian rhythm of sleep to cause afternoon sleepiness, so that one pint at lunch time is equivalent, in effect, to a quart in the evening.

"For this reason, most drivers ought not to drink at all at lunchtime and the legal blood alcohol limit is no guide to ‘safe’ driving here,” said Dr Horne.

For those who wish to enjoy the Queen’s speech, Dr Horne recommends mild exercise, a splash of cold air or cold water on the face, or a cup of coffee. Otherwise, take a catnap. But this should be less than 15 minutes, otherwise, sleep really sets in and one can wake up feeling very groggy (头昏眼花的) and far sleepier than to begin with.

63. It is implied that British people ________.

A. like to take a short nap after lunch B. don’t take a short nap after lunch

C. don’t feel sleepy after lunch D. like to sleep twice a day

64. All animals in the bush rest in the hot afternoon sun to ________.

A. save energy B. stay healthy

C. avoid feeling hungry D. gain strength

65. Most drivers ought not to drink at all at lunch time because ________.

A. alcohol will be less potent after lunch

B. a pint of beer at lunchtime is equivalent to a quart in the evening

C. people are more alert at lunchtime

D. it is not legal to drink at lunchtime

66. According to the passage, if you sleep more than 15 minutes after lunch ________.

A. you will be refreshed B. you will be waken up

C. you will feel far sleepier D. you will take a cat nap

BABC

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请阅读以下旅游者的信息，然后匹配旅游者和他/她拟旅游的景点。

Carina is fond of art and likes travelling very much. In order to take part in the following exhibition, she wants to take some photos of birds from all over the world, especially the rare Siberian crane. In the meanwhile, she doesn’t want to spend too much money.

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Alexander is a college student of Physics. He learns that this canyon is a gift from past generations that goes beyond what we experience. He is looking forward to going there and experiencing the Skywalk in the park.

Sammy majors in history. He will visit it again this summer. He says it’s built entirely of white Marble and is one of the eight wonders of the world. Its beauty is beyond description, particularly at dawn and sunset. It seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience it as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.

Nancy comes from the history department. Last summer she visited the ancient markets of Agra and this year she wants to visit it again. Not long ago she said: “Arriving at the Delhi airport, we representatives were warmly received. Our tirdness flew in seconds by the traditional welcome that we got at the hotel’s reception.” The next day they visited the famous tomb.

Nowadays people are troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask what’s wrong with a society that presents videos of violence as entertainment.

Viewing large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals. The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality（因果关系）. Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: “At this time, well over 1,000 studies… point to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children.”

Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said). When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when he weeded out “the most doubtful measures of aggression”, only 28% supported a connection.

The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read “aggressive” or “non-aggressive” words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? The intention of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction.

Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society.

Why is there so much violence shown in movies, TV and video games?

A. Showing violence is thought to be entertaining.

B. Something has gone wrong with today’s society

C. Many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed.

D. There is a lot of violence in the real world today.

What is the skeptics’ view of media violence?

A. Violence on television is fairly accurate reflection of real-world life.

B. Most studies exaggerate (夸大) the effect of media violence on the viewers.

C. A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence.

D. The influence of media violence on children has been underestimated.

The author uses the term “alarmists” to refer to those who _________.

A. use standardized measurements in the studies of media violence

B. initiated the debate over the influence of violent media on reality

C. insist on a direct link between violent media and aggressive behavior

D. use appropriate methodology in examining aggressive behavior

The underlined phrase “weeded out” in Paragraph 3 most probably means _________.

A. got rid of things that are not good B. removed unwanted parts from something

C. picked out things that are useful D. took away unnecessary details of a report

What does the writer think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media and violence?

A. He more than agrees with the views held by the alarmists.

B. It should come to an end since the matter has now been settled.

C. The past studies in this field have proved to be misleading.

D. More studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn.

Viewing large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals. The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality（因果关系）. Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: “At this time, well over 1,000 studies… point to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children.”

The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read “aggressive” or “non-aggressive” words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? The intention of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction.

Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society.